Want a yard that’s low-maintenance and productive? Maryland’s native edible plants are the perfect solution. They thrive in local conditions, support wildlife, and provide fruits, nuts, and more for your table. Here’s a quick look at 10 great options:

• American Hazelnut: Tasty nuts and dense shrubs for privacy.
• Serviceberry: Sweet berries with spring blooms.
• Pawpaw: Tropical-flavored fruit in a small tree.
• Elderberry: Nutrient-rich berries and flowers.
• American Plum: Tart fruits for jams and jellies.
• Black Cherry: Bold-flavored cherries and a tall landscape feature.
• Blueberry: Antioxidant-packed berries for acidic soils.
• Black Chokeberry: Hardy shrubs with berries for cooking.
• American Groundnut: Protein-rich tubers and climbing vines.
• Persimmon: Sweet fall fruit and shade.

These plants reduce upkeep, limit chemical use, and create a thriving ecosystem in your yard. Whether you have a small garden or a large space, there’s a native plant that fits your needs. Ready to transform your outdoor space? Let’s dig into the details.

Native Blueberries in Maryland

What Makes a Plant ‘Native’ and ‘Edible’?

To create a thriving Maryland landscape that benefits both your family and local wildlife, it’s important to understand what makes a plant both native and edible.

A native plant is one that has naturally evolved in its region over thousands of years, adapting to Maryland’s unique climate, soil, and seasonal patterns^[3][5].

"Native plants are the ecological basis upon which life depends, including birds and people. Without them and the insects that co-evolved with them, local birds cannot survive." – Audubon^[5]

Because of these deep-rooted adaptations, native plants are well-suited to Maryland’s conditions. They thrive in the state’s clay-rich soils and are better equipped to handle challenges like droughts, floods, and other environmental stresses^[3]. Once established, they typically require minimal upkeep^[5].

When we say a plant is edible, it means that specific parts of it are safe to consume^[6]. However, it’s crucial to remember that not all parts of an edible plant are safe to eat^[6].

"You don’t have to know a single poisonous plant. You just have to know what you’re eating." – Christopher Nyerges, author of Foraging Wild Edible Plants of North America^[8]

Native edible plants bring a unique set of advantages. Unlike common grocery store staples like carrots, broccoli, or apples, these plants not only provide food but also play a vital role in supporting local wildlife^[1][10]. For example, native oak trees support over 500 species of caterpillars, compared to just five species on nonnative trees^[5]. Considering that raising one brood of chickadees requires over 6,000 caterpillars^[5], the impact of native plants on bird populations is enormous.

Another benefit of native edible plants is their contribution to better water quality. Since they generally don’t need fertilizers or pesticides, they reduce the amount of chemicals that can run off into local waterways^[4].

"Eating local doesn’t just mean eating food that was grown and raised here, but also discovering and sourcing the foods that actually belong here!" – Ecologist^[7]

This connection between local ecology and cultivation is at the heart of edible native landscaping. By choosing native edible plants for your Maryland yard, you’re creating a low-maintenance, sustainable space that supports both your dinner table and the environment. These plants have evolved to thrive in Maryland’s ecosystem, making them dependable choices for your landscape.

However, identifying the edible parts of plants is essential. As Susanne Collins wisely warned:

"Plants are tricky. Many are edible, but one false mouthful and you’re dead." – Susanne Collins^[8]

Benefits of Edible Native Landscaping

Edible native landscaping offers a blend of environmental perks, reduced maintenance, and access to fresh, homegrown produce. These plants go beyond the scope of traditional gardening by benefiting ecosystems and communities alike.

Supporting Local Wildlife and Biodiversity

Edible native plants are essential for supporting local wildlife. For instance, native trees can host over 500 species of caterpillars, which are crucial for feeding local birds. By incorporating these plants into your yard, you create a vital food source for wildlife. They also provide nectar for pollinators like hummingbirds, native bees, butterflies, moths, and bats, while offering shelter to various mammals^[5].

"Restoring native plant habitat is vital to preserving biodiversity. By creating a native plant garden, each patch of habitat becomes part of a collective effort to nurture and sustain the living landscape for birds and other animals." – Audubon^[5]

This effort is more important than ever. The continental U.S. has lost 150 million acres of habitat and farmland due to urban sprawl^[5]. Maryland, in particular, faces unique challenges, as 27% of its bee populations are pollen specialists that rely on specific native plants for survival^[14].

Lower Maintenance

Edible native plants are naturally adapted to local conditions, making them more resilient to local pests and diseases. This means they require fewer pesticides, minimal pruning, and little to no fertilizer^[11]. In comparison, traditional suburban lawns use 10 times more chemical pesticides per acre than farmland^[5].

The benefits extend to water and fuel use as well. Unlike traditional lawns, native plant landscapes require significantly less water and maintenance^[12]. Replacing even part of a lawn with edible native plants can cut down on yard care time and reduce environmental impact. This simplicity not only saves effort but also strengthens your property’s environmental resilience.

Improved Food Security and Nutrition

By growing edible native plants, you can enjoy fresh, locally grown produce right from your yard. This approach strengthens your connection to local food systems and reduces the distance food travels to reach your plate. It also supports Maryland’s commitment to sustainable food practices and reinforces local nutrition efforts.

Climate and Environmental Protection

Edible native plants contribute to Maryland’s ecological health in several ways. They help fight climate change by storing carbon dioxide^[5][14] and improve water quality by reducing stormwater runoff and soil erosion^[13][14]. Strategically placed native trees can also lower energy costs by providing natural cooling in summer and wind protection during winter, reducing household energy consumption.

Economic and Property Value Benefits

On top of environmental and practical advantages, edible native landscaping can increase property value. Research shows that trees can boost property values by 2% to 15%^[14]. These financial benefits, combined with reduced water, fertilizer, and pesticide costs, make native landscaping a smart long-term investment. Plus, Maryland’s initiative to plant 5 million native trees by 2031^[14] offers homeowners a chance to contribute to a statewide restoration effort while reaping personal rewards.

1. American Hazelnut (Corylus americana)

The American Hazelnut is a standout among Maryland’s native edible plants, celebrated for its tasty nuts and natural beauty. This tough, deciduous shrub plays a vital role in local ecosystems, making it a smart pick for eco-friendly landscaping.

Growth Habit and Size

This shrub typically grows to a height of 8–16 feet, with a rounded crown spreading 8–15 feet wide. It features multiple stems and grows at a medium to fast pace, adding about 1–2 feet each year under normal conditions ^[16][18]. Thanks to its ability to spread through underground rhizomes, the plant often forms dense thickets. To keep its growth in check, regular pruning and thinning of root suckers are advisable ^[15][17][18].

Preferred Growing Conditions

American Hazelnut thrives in full sun to partial shade, performing best with plenty of sunlight ^[19][21]. It prefers well-drained, moist soils rich in organic matter but can adapt to a wide range of soil types and pH levels ^[19][20]. Once established, it becomes drought-tolerant and can handle the climate in USDA zones 4–9, which includes Maryland ^[19][20][22]. During the first year, consistent watering is key. Planting two to three shrubs together increases nut production ^[20][21][22].

Edible Uses

American Hazelnut nuts can be enjoyed raw or cooked, and when ground into flour, they bring a nutty richness to baked goods. They work well in both sweet and savory recipes and are packed with nutrients like monounsaturated fats, vitamin E, copper, and magnesium ^[23][26]. Roasting the nuts for 12–15 minutes intensifies their flavor. As MaryClair Birkemeier Stehman, a third-generation hazelnut farmer, describes:

"They become rich and classically hazelnutty with a strong aroma and flavor profile with almost caramel and chocolate undertones." ^[25]

Historically, indigenous tribes incorporated hazelnuts into soups, bread, and corn pudding, highlighting their culinary and cultural importance ^[23].

Landscape and Wildlife Value

Beyond their culinary appeal, American Hazelnuts are a boon for biodiversity, offering food and shelter to various wildlife species. The shrub typically starts producing nuts within 1–3 years of planting, and a mature, well-maintained plant can yield up to 25 pounds of nuts annually ^[22]. While the nuts are smaller than those of European hazelnuts, they are often preferred for their rich flavor and resilience in North American environments ^[23][24]. To keep harvested nuts fresh, store them in the refrigerator ^[21][25].

2. Serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.)

Serviceberry is a standout among Maryland’s native edible plants, offering both visual appeal and delicious fruits. With 13 species documented in the state ^[29], this plant plays a meaningful role in local landscapes, blending beauty with practicality.

Growth Habit and Size

Serviceberry can grow as either a deciduous tree or a large shrub, typically reaching heights of 15–25 feet, though some species can grow up to 30 feet tall ^{[27][29][30][31]}. It can develop as a multi-stemmed shrub or be trained into a single-trunk tree ^[27][28]. For example, Amelanchier canadensis grows to about 20 feet tall and 10 feet wide, spreading through suckers with its upright, multi-stemmed form ^[28][29]. Meanwhile, Amelanchier arborea often takes on a vase-like shape as a small tree or shrub ^[29], and Amelanchier laevis has a spreading habit, with the ‘Lustre Allegheny’ cultivar maturing at around 20 feet ^[27][28].

Preferred Growing Conditions

Popular species for Maryland gardens include Amelanchier canadensis, Amelanchier arborea, Amelanchier laevis, and Amelanchier x grandiflora ^[29]. These plants thrive in a variety of soil types ^[28], making them a versatile choice for home landscapes across the state.

Edible Uses

Serviceberry fruits are a treat for the palate, combining flavors reminiscent of strawberry, blueberry, and almond ^[32]. They’re also nutrient-rich, offering more vitamin C, fiber, iron, and protein than blueberries ^[32][33]. The berries are best harvested when they turn a dark purple-blue, though taste can vary between trees. Certain varieties, like Amelanchier alnifolia, are particularly prized for their fruit quality ^[33].

These berries are highly adaptable in the kitchen. They can be used in jams, such as Cyrus’ June-Berry Jam, which blends serviceberries with mulberries and other seasonal fruits. They also add a natural sweetness to baked goods like Soda Bread Scones. Interestingly, unripe serviceberries can be pickled and used as "Midwestern Capers", perfect for salads, toast, or even cocktails ^[34].

Landscape and Wildlife Value

Serviceberry is more than just an edible plant; it’s a vital part of the ecosystem. As one of the earliest flowering trees, it provides essential pollen and nectar for native bees and other beneficial insects ^[29]. The fruits are a food source for at least 40 bird species and various mammals, and the plant serves as a host for 58 wildlife species and 35 bird species in neighboring Virginia ^[28][35]. Additionally, serviceberry supports moth species whose caterpillars are crucial for feeding young birds ^[29]. When harvesting, it’s wise to leave some berries behind to sustain local wildlife ^[34].

3. Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)

Adding a touch of the tropics to your yard, the pawpaw, often called "America’s tropical fruit", is a delightful addition for homeowners. Its fruit offers a unique flavor that combines banana, mango, and custard – something you wouldn’t expect to grow right in your backyard.

Growth Habit and Size

Pawpaw trees are small and often resemble tall shrubs, making them an excellent choice for residential spaces. They typically grow up to 49 feet tall in the wild, but in home gardens, they’re usually much smaller. Pawpaws tend to form clusters through underground runners, so planting them 5–8 feet apart works best ^[36][37][38]. Interestingly, the National Capital Region Network Inventory & Monitoring program found that pawpaw saplings are the most commonly observed in their forest monitoring plots, showcasing their adaptability in the Mid-Atlantic region ^[36].

Preferred Growing Conditions

Pawpaws thrive in USDA Hardiness Zones 5–8, making them well-suited for Maryland’s climate ^[39]. For successful fruiting, they need 400 chilling hours, 30 inches of annual rainfall (mostly during spring and summer), and at least 150 frost-free days ^[39]. They prefer rich, loamy soil with a pH between 5.5 and 7.0, and good drainage is essential ^[38][39]. While mature trees do best in full sun, young pawpaws are prone to sun scald, so they should be shaded for their first two summers ^[40]. If you’re dealing with Maryland’s clay-heavy soils, adding coco-coir and perlite can help improve drainage ^[40]. Once established, pawpaws are drought-tolerant, but during their early years, consistent watering and organic mulch for moisture retention and nutrients are key ^[39][41].

Edible Uses

Pawpaw fruits stand out for their rich, tropical flavor – a rare treat among native plants. Their taste is often described as a mix of banana, tropical fruit, and caramel custard, with occasional hints of mango or vanilla ^[42].

"Pawpaw generally tastes a little like banana with other tropical fruit flavours and caramel custard mixed in." – Dyson Forbes, Forbes Wild Foods ^[42]

The best way to enjoy pawpaws is fresh, removing the seeds and skin. The creamy pulp is perfect for ice cream, mousse, parfaits, or smoothies. However, extended cooking is best avoided as it may cause stomach discomfort ^[42]. For long-term use, puree and freeze the ripe fruit ^[43]. Nutritionally, pawpaws are impressive – they contain three times the vitamin C of apples, double the vitamin C of bananas, and are rich in magnesium, iron, copper, and manganese. They also offer twice the niacin of bananas and fourteen times that of apples ^[43].

Landscape and Wildlife Value

Pawpaws bring more than just delicious fruit to your yard – they’re a win for local wildlife and sustainable landscaping. Deer rarely browse on pawpaw foliage, making these trees naturally deer-resistant ^[36]. As understory trees, they fit beautifully into woodland garden designs, providing habitat for native insects and birds. Their ability to spread and form groves also makes them a great choice for creating naturalized areas or even a native food forest in your Maryland yard.

4. Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis)

The American elderberry is a standout addition to Maryland yards, offering both visual appeal and practical benefits. With its clusters of striking white flowers and dark purple, nutrient-packed berries, this native shrub is perfect for blending edible landscaping with wildlife-friendly gardening.

Growth Habit and Size

Elderberry is a fast-growing, multi-stemmed deciduous shrub that typically grows between 5 and 12 feet tall and wide, though in optimal conditions, it can reach up to 25 feet ^[44][45][47]. This upright shrub spreads by sending out root suckers, which allows it to form colonies. If you’re working with limited space or prefer a tidier look, regular pruning is essential ^[44][47][48].

"Elderberry is a large, native shrub with dark berries that attract birds, and white flowers that attract bees and butterflies. It tolerates wet soil so it can be used in larger rain gardens to add height." – Lauren’s Garden Service ^[45]

Elderberries thrive in naturalized settings, often found along highways or at the edges of woods and meadows, showcasing their ability to adapt to a variety of environments ^[45]. For more manicured landscapes, you can manage their spread by removing suckers as needed ^[46].

Preferred Growing Conditions

Elderberries flourish in USDA zones 4–9 and perform best in full sun with consistently moist, fertile soil ^[49][51]. While they prefer well-drained soils with a slightly acidic pH of 5.5 to 6.5, they can also tolerate both acidic and alkaline conditions ^[49].

Watering is crucial for healthy growth and fruit production. Elderberries require 1 to 2 inches of water weekly, especially during the heat of summer ^[50]. Though they can handle some drought once established, consistent watering ensures better fruit quality ^[50]. If you’re dealing with Maryland’s heavy clay soils, raised beds can improve drainage and support healthier plants ^[50].

When planting elderberries, ensure the roots sit at the same depth as they were in their container, and water them thoroughly during the first growing season ^[49]. Adding a 2-3 inch layer of compost or wood chips over the root zone helps retain moisture and enrich the soil ^[49].

Edible Uses

Elderberries pack a nutritional punch, offering more vitamin C than oranges or tomatoes ^[52]. The berries are perfect for making jellies, pies, cobblers, muffins, and even wines. Meanwhile, the delicate white flowers can be used in teas, custards, or fritters ^[52]. For a creative twist, you can substitute elderberries for blueberries in many recipes.

Elderberry syrup has become increasingly popular and can be used in yogurt, beverages, or as a pancake topping ^[54]. The berries also pair wonderfully with flavors like blackberries, blueberries, lavender, and rose ^[53].

Important safety tip: Raw elderberries, along with their seeds, roots, leaves, and stems, contain sambunigrin, a compound that can release cyanide. Cooking the berries destroys this toxin, so always heat them before eating ^[53].

This combination of culinary versatility and safety precautions makes elderberry an excellent choice for sustainable edible landscaping.

Landscape and Wildlife Value

Elderberries aren’t just for the kitchen – they’re a valuable resource for local ecosystems. The white flower clusters attract pollinators like bees and butterflies, while the dark berries feed a variety of birds. Their ability to thrive in wet soils makes them a great option for rain gardens, where their height and structure can add visual interest ^[45].

These shrubs are also well-suited for naturalized areas, property borders, or native food forests. Their vigorous growth supports wildlife corridors and enhances natural landscapes, making them a win-win for gardeners and the environment alike.

5. American Plum (Prunus americana)

The American plum brings both beauty and bounty to Maryland landscapes, offering fragrant spring blossoms and a late-summer harvest. This native fruit tree produces small, flavorful plums that have been enjoyed by wildlife and people for generations.

Growth Habit and Size

The American plum is highly versatile, growing as either a small tree or a large shrub. Typically, it reaches heights of 10–20 feet, though in tighter spaces, it may stay closer to 6 feet tall^[57]. The national champion tree, located in Fairfax County, Virginia, stands 18 feet tall with an equally impressive 18-foot spread^[58].

This tree has a natural tendency to form colonies through root suckers, creating dense thickets that can span up to 35 feet wide^[57]. While this spreading habit makes it ideal for expansive landscapes^[56], homeowners seeking a neater look can prune and remove suckers to shape it into a single-trunk tree^[55]. Since its lifespan is relatively short, allowing a few suckers to grow into new saplings can ensure continuous coverage in your yard^[56].

Preferred Growing Conditions

The American plum thrives in Maryland’s soils, favoring average, dry to medium, well-drained conditions with full sun to partial shade^[59]. While it can tolerate shadier spots, fruit production may decrease in low-light areas^[60]. This tree adapts to a variety of soil types, from medium to coarse textures, and grows well in soils with acidic to mildly alkaline pH levels^[58]. Its native range stretches across the Northeast, Southeast, and prairies, even reaching as far as North Dakota^[61].

Known for its hardiness, the American plum tolerates colder climates and grows in areas with at least 16 inches of annual rainfall^[58][60]. For optimal growth and fruiting, plant it in well-drained soil with plenty of sunlight. However, its ability to adapt to less-than-ideal conditions makes it a resilient choice for many settings^[60].

Edible Uses

The small plums, which ripen to red or yellow, have a sweet-tart flavor that’s perfect for making wine, jam, jelly, pies, sauces, or fruit leather^[57][63][61]. The skin, however, can be tough and bitter due to its high tannin content, so many people prefer to process the fruit and remove the skin^[63][65].

Harvest the plums when they are ripe and easily detach from the branches, usually when they turn pink^[62]. If they need further ripening, store them in a paper bag at room temperature. To reduce bitterness, freeze the plums and then thaw them before mashing the pulp, or bake them whole to soften the flesh^[62]. Overripe plums are excellent for baking, jams, or chutneys^[64], and for larger harvests, a steam juicer can help process the fruit efficiently^[62].

"The smell and flavor of a good American plum is unbeatable. It surpasses any domesticated plum I have tasted. Because the skin is thick and tart, I like to crack the plums open and eat out the flesh."

• Akiva Silver, Twisted Tree Farm^[61]

Landscape and Wildlife Value

The American plum is a fantastic addition to any yard, offering benefits for both people and wildlife. Its fragrant white flowers bloom in early spring, often before the leaves appear, attracting pollinators like bees and butterflies. By late summer, its ripe fruit becomes a valuable food source for birds, small mammals, and other wildlife, while its dense thickets provide nesting sites and shelter.

In residential landscapes, this tree works well in naturalized plantings, such as along property borders, in rain gardens, or as part of a native food forest. Its ability to thrive in various soil conditions makes it a great choice for challenging areas, and its moderate size and beautiful spring blooms add ornamental appeal, especially in larger yards where its colony-forming nature can be fully appreciated.

6. Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)

The black cherry is a standout among Maryland’s native trees, known for its impressive size and the bold flavor of its fruit. Found in every county across the state, this fast-growing tree produces wild cherries that deliver 10 times the flavor intensity of commercial sweet cherries, though they’re less sweet by comparison^[70]. Let’s dive into its growth habits, culinary appeal, and ecological value.

Growth Habit and Size

Black cherry trees are fast growers, making them an excellent choice for transforming landscapes. These medium-to-large deciduous trees typically grow to 50–80 feet tall with a spread of 30–60 feet^[66], making them ideal for larger properties.

Under favorable conditions, young black cherries grow at a rate of 2–4 feet per year^[66][68]. While young trees start with a cone-shaped form^[67], they eventually mature into a tall, columnar shape in forests. In open areas like yards, they develop a broader canopy with gracefully arching branches^[67].

Preferred Growing Conditions

Black cherry trees thrive in full sun to partial shade and adapt well to a variety of soil types. Their widespread presence throughout Maryland reflects their resilience to the state’s diverse climate, from humid coastal areas to fluctuating inland temperatures.

Edible Uses

The cherries of this tree ripen in late summer, offering a wealth of culinary possibilities. Unlike some other wild cherries, black cherries are freestone fruits, meaning the pits are easier to remove compared to clingstone varieties like chokecherries^[69]. This makes them perfect for creating jams, jellies, syrups, ice cream, and even wine^[69][71]. They’re also the key ingredient in cherry bounce, a historic liqueur mentioned in the journals of Lewis and Clark^[74].

"Wild Black cherry (Prunus serotina) are absolutely delicious, and one of the best wild fruits available anywhere. They taste more or less exactly like cultivated sweet cherries (though they’re smaller), and can be harvested over a wide range in the US." ^[69] – Ashley Adamant, Author at Practical Self Reliance

When harvesting, aim for cherries that are dark, plump, and shiny^[72]. A quick tip: check the stems. If they’ve turned red, the cherries will ripen further in the sun. If the stems are still light brown like the branch, give them more time to mature on the tree^[69].

Landscape and Wildlife Value

Beyond its culinary uses, black cherry plays a vital role in supporting local ecosystems. The tree serves as a host plant for 454 species of moths and butterflies^[73], while its spring flowers attract pollinators. Even the bark has traditional uses, such as being made into a natural cough remedy^[69].

For homeowners with plenty of space, black cherry is a fantastic choice as a specimen tree or for naturalized plantings along property edges. Its rapid growth ensures you’ll see results quickly, while its longevity means it can become a defining feature of your landscape for years to come.

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7. Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)

Blueberries are a fantastic choice for Maryland homeowners looking to grow their own edible plants. These perennial shrubs are not only easy to grow but also produce nutrient-packed fruits rich in antioxidants, making them a rewarding addition to any garden.

Growth Habit and Size

Blueberry plants grow as multi-stemmed shrubs with shallow, fibrous roots that regenerate each spring through new shoots from crown buds ^[75]. While they may take up to 10 years to reach their full size, a well-cared-for blueberry bush can thrive for over 50 years ^[75].

Maryland gardeners can pick from three main types of blueberries, each with unique size ranges. Northern highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) grows to 3–6 feet tall and fits well in residential yards ^[75]. Southern highbush hybrids grow slightly taller, reaching 6–7 feet ^[75], while Rabbiteye varieties can tower at 6–12 feet ^[75]. For smaller spaces or container gardening, compact varieties like ‘Tophat’ (2–3 feet) and ‘Northsky’ (4 feet) are excellent choices ^[75].

A standout example of local breeding success is the Duke Blueberry, developed by the USDA in Beltsville, Maryland, and introduced in 1987. This variety matures at around six feet tall ^[76].

Preferred Growing Conditions

Blueberries thrive in full sun, requiring at least six hours of direct sunlight daily ^[75]. They prefer acidic soil with a pH between 4.0 and 5.5 ^[77]. Consistent watering is crucial – about 1 inch per week during the growing season, increasing to 4 inches per week as the fruit ripens ^[77]. Applying a 2–4 inch layer of organic mulch around the base helps retain moisture and keeps weeds at bay ^[78]. These conditions create the perfect environment for healthy plants and abundant fruit.

Edible Uses

When fully mature, a highbush blueberry plant can yield 6–8 pounds of fruit annually ^[75], offering plenty of options for fresh consumption and preservation. Kent Phillips, a Master Gardener from Howard County, shares how his family enjoys their harvest:

"Our wintertime favorites are blueberry muffins, blueberry pancakes, and blueberry buckle. They’re hard to beat." ^[79]

Blueberries aren’t just for sweets. Cookbook author Linda Dannenberg highlights their versatility:

"Their character changes when you add a little spice and a little heat", ^[80]

making them a surprising addition to salsas, barbecue sauces, and savory dishes. Fresh blueberries are also great in salads and vinaigrettes, while frozen berries extend their use into the colder months for baking and smoothies. From jams to beverages, blueberries offer endless culinary possibilities.

Landscape and Wildlife Value

Blueberries bring more than just delicious fruit to Maryland gardens – they also enhance the landscape. They work beautifully in foundation plantings, mixed borders, or dedicated edible gardens. In 2024, the Maryland Forest Service demonstrated this by planting a native food forest behind the City of Brunswick Food Bank in Frederick County. This project included blueberries alongside other edible species, showcasing how plants can support both community spaces and food security ^[81].

To maximize your harvest, plant multiple varieties to encourage cross-pollination, which can boost berry size. Netting is a smart way to protect ripening berries from birds, and the shallow root system makes blueberries well-suited for container gardening. This means even apartment dwellers can enjoy fresh berries right from their patios or balconies.

8. Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa)

Black chokeberry is one of Maryland’s most versatile native shrubs, thriving in various garden settings. This hardy deciduous shrub is easy to care for, produces berries packed with antioxidants, and supports local wildlife.

Growth Habit and Size

Typically, black chokeberry grows to about 3–6 feet in both height and width, making it a great choice for residential landscapes ^[83]. It naturally spreads through root suckers, which can form thickets if not managed. For those who prefer a more contained shrub, removing these suckers can help keep its growth in check ^[82]. If space is limited, dwarf cultivars offer compact options. Popular varieties include ‘Ground Hug’ (8–14 inches), ‘Low Scape Mound’ (12 inches to 2 feet), and ‘Morton’ (Iroquois Beauty™) (2–3 feet) ^[83]. This adaptability makes it a practical choice for many gardens.

Preferred Growing Conditions

Black chokeberry is flexible when it comes to soil, thriving in pH levels ranging from 5.0 to 8.0 ^[83] and accommodating various soil textures ^[86]. While it can grow in partial shade, full sun encourages the best flowering and fruit production ^[83]. The shrub is remarkably resilient, tolerating both drought and occasional flooding, which makes it ideal for rain gardens or areas with fluctuating moisture ^[86][87]. However, during extended dry periods, occasional watering will keep it healthy ^[86]. These traits make it a reliable addition to any landscape.

Edible Uses

Black chokeberries are rich in antioxidants, though their astringent taste and granular texture make them better suited for processing. They shine in juices, jams, jellies, syrups, preserves, or even wine. According to the National Institute of Health:

"Aronia berries are rich in antioxidant phenolic compounds that show anti-inflammatory activity, which may be translated into potential preventive and therapeutic effects for metabolic disorder, as well as for cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular, kidney, and liver diseases." ^[88]

To work around their texture, pureeing the berries is a great option, adding a vibrant purple color to dishes. They also freeze well using the individually quick frozen (IQF) method – spread them on a parchment-lined baking sheet, freeze until solid, then store in freezer bags. Dehydrating the berries reduces their astringency further, creating a powder perfect for smoothies, baked goods, or as a natural food coloring.

In a creative culinary example, chefs at the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art used black chokeberries in a braised duck dish with a tart sauce reminiscent of cranberry sauce in November 2017 ^[89].

Landscape and Wildlife Value

Black chokeberry is a valuable addition to any landscape. It works beautifully in mass plantings, hedges, rain gardens, woodland gardens, or pollinator-friendly spaces ^[83]. Its ability to handle wet conditions makes it particularly useful for managing drainage issues and creating smooth transitions between lawns and natural areas.

Different cultivars offer diverse growth habits to fit various design needs. For instance, ‘Brilliantissima’ has an upright, vase-like shape, while ‘MacKenzie’ is more rounded and dense. ‘Viking’ strikes a balance between the two ^[84]. For best results, plant black chokeberry in early spring or fall in a spot with at least 4–6 hours of sunlight daily ^[85]. Adding compost during planting and refreshing it lightly each spring can improve soil health, while ensuring good air circulation helps prevent fungal issues ^[86]. Combining its landscape appeal with its edible potential makes black chokeberry a standout choice for Maryland gardens.

9. American Groundnut (Apios americana)

The American groundnut is a native climbing vine that not only serves as an alternative to traditional potatoes but also contributes to local ecosystems. Its nitrogen-fixing ability makes it particularly valuable for improving soil health in sustainable gardening practices.

Growth Habit and Size

This slender, perennial vine grows by twining around supports or scrambling over shrubs, reaching heights of 8–16 feet, with some plants stretching to 18 feet under ideal conditions ^[90][93][94]. It spreads underground via rhizomes, forming colonies that can extend about 3 feet from the original plant ^[93].

The plant produces edible tubers that typically weigh between 2–4 ounces, though some can reach up to 10 ounces. Under optimal conditions, a single plant may yield as much as 7 pounds of tubers by the end of its second growing season ^[94][95]. Its leaves are pinnate, measuring 3–6 inches long, with 5–7 leaflets ^[91]. While vigorous, its spread requires regular management to prevent it from becoming invasive ^[90][92].

Preferred Growing Conditions

American groundnut thrives in medium to moist soils and grows well in full sun or partial shade ^[93]. It prefers humus-rich, sandy, or gravelly loam soils ^[90][93]. Tubers should be planted 2–3 inches deep, either in early spring or fall ^[90][93]. Given its ability to spread underground by about 3 feet, it’s important to allow sufficient space for growth ^[93]. A trellis can help manage its climbing habit, while mulching around the base reduces competition from weeds ^[90]. Over time, its nitrogen-fixing properties improve soil quality, making it an excellent addition to sustainable gardens.

Edible Uses

American groundnut is a versatile plant with several edible parts, including tubers, seeds, young seedpods, and even flowers ^[98]. The tubers are particularly nutrient-dense, containing 17% crude protein – over three times that of potatoes – and 36% carbohydrates by fresh weight. They also offer significantly higher levels of calcium and iron compared to potatoes.

Swedish botanist Peter Kalm documented the historical use of the plant by Indigenous peoples:

"Hopniss or Hapniss was the Indian name of a wild plant, which they ate at that time… The roots resemble potatoes, and were boiled by the Indians who ate them instead of bread." ^[95]

The tubers can be eaten raw or cooked, with a flavor reminiscent of roasted sweet potatoes ^[98]. Author Marika Li highlights their culinary flexibility:

"Among the perennial vegetables that will grow well in cold climates, American groundnut is one of the most versatile and practical for cooking." ^[97]

To prepare, peel the tubers to remove their thick skin before cooking ^[97]. They can be boiled, mashed, roasted, fried, or used in recipes calling for potatoes ^[97]. Since they are denser than common potatoes, they require slightly longer cooking times ^[97]. Additionally, the tubers can be dehydrated and ground into flour for baking or thickening stews and gravies ^[97].

The seeds can be cooked like peas, beans, or lentils, while the edible flowers can be dried and used for tea ^[96][97][98]. Both tubers and seeds should be cooked to neutralize any anti-nutrients ^[97]. Tubers harvested in the fall can be stored through the winter, remaining viable until spring ^[98]. In Japan, American groundnut has been cultivated and enjoyed as "Apios" for over a century, underscoring its culinary potential ^[96].

Landscape Value

Beyond its edible uses, American groundnut offers practical benefits for landscaping. Its vigorous growth makes it ideal for naturalized areas, where it can cover fences, trellises, or other structures while contributing to food production. Its nitrogen-fixing ability helps improve soil health, making it a valuable choice for restoration projects or areas needing soil enrichment. However, due to its spreading nature, it’s important to provide enough space or barriers to prevent it from overtaking nearby plants. Regular harvesting of the tubers not only keeps its growth in check but also provides a steady supply of nutritious food.

For Maryland gardeners looking to combine sustainable food production with landscaping, the American groundnut offers a native plant option that sustained Indigenous peoples for centuries and continues to support modern edible gardening goals.

10. Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)

The American persimmon is a standout among Maryland’s fruit trees, offering delicious, sweet fruit that supports local wildlife while adding visual appeal to native edible gardens. This resilient tree is as functional as it is beautiful, making it a great choice for homeowners.

Growth Habit and Size

Persimmon trees can grow impressively tall, reaching up to 80 feet under ideal conditions^[99]. In residential areas, however, they typically range between 20 and 30 feet, with some maturing around 40 feet tall and spreading about 35 feet wide[127,129]. Their broad crowns and drooping branches create a graceful silhouette, forming either round-topped or narrower canopies depending on their growing environment^[101]. According to the Maryland Biodiversity Project, persimmons are common throughout Maryland except in the higher mountain regions^[101]. Known for their durability, these trees are both long-lived and cold-hardy. For instance, the original Deer Luscious™ persimmon in north-central Pennsylvania is over 100 years old and has survived temperatures as low as –30°F^[100]. This toughness makes them a practical and attractive option for Maryland yards.

Preferred Growing Conditions

Persimmons flourish when planted in conditions that mimic Maryland’s natural environment. They need at least 8 hours of direct sunlight during the early summer months (late June to early August) to produce abundant fruit^[102]. These trees adapt well to a variety of well-drained, moderately fertile soils with a pH between 6.3 and 6.8. Sandy loam soil is ideal, but if you’re dealing with heavy clay, adding organic compost can improve drainage and soil structure^[103]. Avoid planting in frost-prone areas, as frost can damage developing fruit. Persimmons also require consistent watering – about 1 inch per week during dry periods^[102]. Mulching around the tree base helps retain moisture and keeps weeds at bay^[104]. Thanks to their low chilling requirement, these trees thrive in areas with mild summers and moderate winters^[105].

Edible Uses

Persimmons are a nutritional powerhouse and a versatile ingredient in the kitchen. A single Japanese persimmon (168 g) contains 118 calories, 6 grams of fiber, and is rich in vitamins A and C^[106]. Packed with carotenoid and flavonoid antioxidants, they may also promote heart health. You can enjoy persimmons fresh, dried, or cooked in a variety of dishes like jellies, pies, and puddings^[106]. For a simple and healthy twist, try adding sliced persimmons to salads, yogurt, or oatmeal. They can also be roasted with honey or used in baked goods for a sweet, flavorful treat^[106].

"They have different nutrient profiles and bioactives, and it just takes the boredom out of eating the same old, same old." – Penny Kris-Etherton, Nutrition Professor at Pennsylvania State University^[108]

Persimmons are in season from October to February, offering fresh, nutrient-rich fruit during the colder months^[107]. Compared to apples, they provide higher levels of dietary fiber, minerals, and beneficial plant compounds^[109].

Landscape and Wildlife Value

Beyond their culinary uses, American persimmons are a fantastic addition to any landscape. Their wide, spreading canopy provides much-needed shade, while their drooping branches add year-round visual interest. Their moderate size makes them a perfect specimen tree or a complementary part of mixed native plantings. They fit well in medium to large yards, offering a balance between functionality and aesthetics. For Maryland homeowners seeking to combine sustainable food production with beautiful landscaping, the American persimmon is an excellent choice.

Planting and Care Tips

Growing edible native plants in Maryland can be a rewarding experience, but it requires knowing what each plant needs and creating the right conditions in your yard. These plants are naturally adapted to local environments, and with careful site selection and early care, they can thrive beautifully.

Site Selection and Soil Preparation

The key to success is matching each plant with its ideal light and soil conditions. For example, eastern prickly pear thrives in full sun and sandy, well-drained soil, while highbush blueberry prefers moist, acidic conditions ^[1]. If you’re planting American plum, ensure it gets enough sunlight to produce its striking white flowers in spring, which are an important food source for pollinators ^[1].

Most native plants do well in Maryland’s natural soils without needing amendments ^[111]. However, in areas with heavy clay or sandy soils, adding organic matter can improve conditions. Aim for soil with 5%–10% organic matter in planting beds, though even 2% can significantly benefit many garden plants ^[110].

Before making any changes to your soil, it’s a good idea to test it. A soil test will reveal its texture and nutrient levels, helping you decide if amendments are necessary ^[113]. Avoid adding fertilizers or lime unless your soil test specifically recommends them ^[112].

For new garden beds, mix 2–4 inches of compost into areas with compacted or thin topsoil. Work it 8–12 inches deep to improve drainage and structure ^[110][113]. Instead of peat moss, consider using compost or pine bark fines as eco-friendly alternatives. Locally sourced materials like manure, leaves, grass clippings, and kitchen scraps are excellent options for sustainable gardening ^[110].

Watering Guidelines

Consistent watering is crucial for newly planted natives, especially during their first three months. After this period, you can gradually reduce watering based on the plant type and your yard’s microclimate ^[114].

Here’s a general watering guide for 1-gallon native plants:

• Water weekly for the first 1–3 months.
• From 3–24 months, water 1–2 times per month (up to 4 times during dry spells).
• After two years, rely mostly on rainfall, with occasional deep soakings of 1.5–2 inches every 3–4 weeks. Use a pulse method, applying 0.5–0.75 inches per day over 2–3 days for deep hydration ^[114].

For established gardens, combine deep soakings with occasional light sprinklings. A quick evening sprinkle can refresh both plants and the soil surface ^[114].

Pruning and Maintenance

Pruning is best done when plants are dormant or just before they start new growth. For trees, avoid removing more than 20% of the canopy, and always preserve the branch collar to ensure healthy regrowth ^[116]. Deadheading flowering natives by removing spent blooms can encourage longer blooming periods.

You can also pinch, tip, or thin stems to reduce canopy density, improving light penetration and airflow within the plant ^[116].

Pest Management and Plant Health

To keep pests in check, practice Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Regularly inspect your plants, and try manual removal or adjusting watering practices before turning to treatments like Bt, insecticidal soaps, or horticultural oils ^[115]. Remember, minor imperfections in plants are often normal and don’t always signal a problem ^[115].

Test your soil every three years and keep adding organic matter annually. Use locally sourced options like compost, leaves, or grass clippings to keep your soil healthy and nutrient-rich ^[110][115].

Design Ideas for Edible Native Landscapes

Building on the earlier discussion about the advantages of native edible plants, let’s explore some creative ways to design a Maryland yard that’s both productive and visually appealing. Edible native landscapes combine ornamental charm with the practicality of harvestable plants, creating a space that’s as functional as it is beautiful.

Edible Hedgerows and Privacy Screens

American hazelnuts are a fantastic choice for creating natural privacy screens. Their dense branches and rounded shape make them an effective living fence that not only provides edible nuts but also attracts beneficial wildlife ^[117].

For a more dynamic approach, consider layering plants. Combine taller serviceberries with mid-height elderberries and lower-growing blueberries. This arrangement not only adds visual interest but also ensures a staggered harvest throughout the growing season ^[118].

Mixed Borders and Accent Features

Serviceberries are perfect for shrub borders or as accent trees in lightly shaded areas. With their spring blossoms, summer berries, and vibrant fall foliage, they offer year-round appeal while producing sweet, nutritious fruit. Placing them near patios or walkways makes harvesting a breeze ^[117].

American plums are another excellent option, especially as understory trees. Their early spring flowers attract pollinators, and their fruits later in the season are ideal for jams and jellies. These trees seamlessly blend beauty with practicality, making them a valuable addition to any yard.

Functional Landscape Integration

Swap out non-native shrubs for native fruiting options like black chokeberry or Northern Spicebush. Black chokeberry, for instance, is a versatile shrub, though its berries are typically more palatable when cooked ^[1].

For groundcover, native raspberries are an easy-to-maintain option that also produces edible fruit. Blueberries, on the other hand, bring both aesthetic value and delicious berries, provided the soil is sufficiently moist and acidic.

"Edible landscaping features plants that not only add ornamental value in the yard but also value in the kitchen. You’re going to need a shade tree anyways, so why not choose one that can help at dinner time too?" – Carrie Hennessy, Author ^[119]

Educational and Wildlife-Friendly Designs

Edible native landscapes can also serve as a learning tool. For example, in May 2023, Old Dominion University landscapers shifted to using mostly native plants for new installations, including serviceberries. The result? Students, staff, and faculty were thrilled to discover edible berries on campus. This sparked conversations about local ecology and sustainable living, while also highlighting the importance of supporting wildlife ^[120].

Professional Design Support

Bringing these ideas to life can be simplified with professional help. Pro Landscapes MD specializes in designing outdoor spaces that balance aesthetics, functionality, and sustainability. Their expertise in creating and restoring landscapes ensures that native edible plants are seamlessly integrated into a cohesive design ^[121].

"At Pro Landscapes MD, we specialize in creating outdoor environments that blend beauty, function, and sustainability." – Pro Landscapes MD ^[121]

Additionally, they incorporate hardscaping elements like stone pathways and retaining walls to enhance usability while complementing native plantings. This approach ensures a unified design that serves multiple purposes throughout the year.

The secret to successful edible native landscaping lies in weaving these plants into a thoughtful design that offers both beauty and utility across the seasons.

Comparison Table

Selecting the right plants for your Maryland edible landscape depends on understanding their specific needs. Here’s a detailed comparison to help you choose plants that thrive in your yard’s unique conditions.

The variety in plant sizes makes it easy to tailor your landscape to your space. For smaller yards, compact plants like blueberries and black chokeberry provide plenty of fruit without taking over. Medium-sized options, such as American hazelnut and elderberry, can double as hedgerows or even privacy screens.

If you have a larger property, consider Black Cherry or Persimmon as standout canopy trees. These towering plants need to be placed thoughtfully, away from structures or power lines, to accommodate their mature size. According to the University of Maryland Extension, planning for mature dimensions is crucial to avoid overcrowding ^[9].

Light and soil conditions also play a big role in how well these plants perform. While most fruiting plants need at least six hours of direct sunlight, options like Pawpaw and American Groundnut thrive in partial shade, making them perfect for woodland edges. Soil preferences vary too – blueberries, for instance, thrive in acidic, well-drained soil and may require amendments in areas with naturally alkaline soil. On the other hand, the hardy Black Chokeberry can handle both wet and dry conditions, making it a versatile choice for challenging spots.

The harvest season stretches from early summer to late fall, ensuring a steady supply of fresh produce. Serviceberries and elderberry flowers kick off the season in early summer, while late summer and early fall bring a bounty of fruits and nuts like hazelnuts, blueberries, and pawpaws. Finally, persimmons cap off the season, ripening after the first frost.

Conclusion

Transforming your yard into an edible native landscape in Maryland comes with a host of benefits for your family, your garden, and local wildlife. These plants are naturally suited to Maryland’s climate, meaning they need less water, fewer pesticides, and minimal upkeep once they’re established. Because native plants have evolved under specific regional conditions, they offer unique advantages, like providing essential habitats and reducing the need for garden chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides ^[2].

But the perks don’t stop there. These plants offer a year-round harvest for your family while supporting local ecosystems. With a concerning decline in bee populations – nearly a quarter of known species haven’t been spotted since the 1990s ^[2] – your native landscape becomes a lifeline for pollinators and other wildlife. Whether it’s a serviceberry tree or an elderberry bush, each plant you add contributes to both your family’s table and the natural world.

The 10 plants highlighted in this guide ensure a steady harvest from early summer to late fall. Whether you’re working with a small yard and opt for compact blueberry bushes or you have space for the striking presence of a persimmon tree, there’s something for every type of Maryland garden.

For those looking to bring this vision to life, Pro Landscapes MD offers tailored solutions for sustainable landscaping across central Maryland. Their team of horticulture experts is well-versed in the growing conditions of counties like Howard, Montgomery, Carroll, Frederick, Prince George’s, and Baltimore. From the initial design phase to installation and ongoing care, they provide everything needed to ensure your edible native garden thrives for years.

Whether you’re planting a single pawpaw or envisioning a full-scale food forest, professional installation ensures your plants are placed for optimal growth and long-term success. Reach out to Pro Landscapes MD to schedule a consultation and turn your yard into a thriving, low-maintenance haven that nourishes your family and supports local wildlife.

FAQs

How can I safely identify and eat native edible plants in Maryland?

To safely explore and enjoy native edible plants in Maryland, the first step is to identify the plant with absolute certainty. Use trusted field guides or seek advice from a local expert to confirm its identity. Never consume a plant unless you’re completely sure it’s safe to eat.

When trying a new plant, follow the Universal Edibility Test: start by smelling the plant, then perform a small skin test, and finally, taste a tiny amount. Wait to see if there’s any adverse reaction before consuming more.

Stay cautious – avoid plants with unpleasant odors, milky sap, or any signs of toxicity. Always do your homework and only eat the parts of the plant that are known to be safe. Safety should always come first!

How can I create a landscape with edible native plants that also supports local wildlife and biodiversity?

Creating a landscape with edible native plants is an excellent way to transform your yard into a haven for both wildlife and sustainability. Consider adding plants like serviceberries, elderberries, and blackberries. These not only provide tasty fruits for your table but also act as a vital food source for birds and other creatures that visit your garden.

To boost biodiversity even further, include native flowering plants such as milkweed, coneflowers, and wild bergamot. These blooms are magnets for pollinators like bees and butterflies, while also offering much-needed habitats for local wildlife. By thoughtfully blending these plants into your outdoor space, you can create a garden that’s not just beautiful but also brimming with ecological benefits.

What are the benefits of replacing traditional lawns with edible native plants for your yard and the environment?

Switching out a traditional lawn for edible native plants comes with a host of benefits – for both your wallet and the environment. For starters, native plants are incredibly low-maintenance. They don’t need constant watering, mowing, or fertilizing, which can slash your yard care costs by up to 90% over ten years. That’s a serious long-term saving.

From an environmental perspective, edible native plants are a win-win. They encourage biodiversity by offering food and shelter to local wildlife, including essential pollinators like bees and butterflies. Plus, they use less water and eliminate the need for harmful chemicals, reducing pollution and protecting nearby ecosystems. By making the switch, you’re not just creating a thriving, functional outdoor space for your family – you’re also giving back to the planet.

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