Transform your Maryland yard into a wildlife haven with native edible plants. These plants not only support local ecosystems but also require minimal care, provide food, and enhance biodiversity. Here’s a quick overview of 10 native edible plants that thrive in Maryland and benefit both wildlife and humans:

Key Plants:

1. Pawpaw Trees: Creamy fruits loved by birds, mammals, and butterflies.
2. Serviceberry Shrubs: Sweet berries attract over 40 bird species and pollinators.
3. Black Cherry Trees: Fruits feed birds, mammals, and support 456 butterfly/moth species.
4. Common Milkweed: Essential for monarch butterflies and pollinators.
5. American Persimmon Trees: Fall fruits for mammals and birds like turkeys.
6. Wild Bergamot: Lavender blooms attract bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds.
7. Elderberry Bushes: Berries and flowers support birds, pollinators, and small mammals.
8. Dandelions: Early-season nectar for pollinators and seeds for birds.
9. Wild Leeks: Spring food for deer and insects; thrive in shaded forests.
10. Eastern Red Cedar Trees: Evergreen shelter and berries for birds year-round.

Benefits:

• Wildlife Support: Food, shelter, and nesting for birds, mammals, and insects.
• Low Maintenance: Once established, these plants thrive in Maryland’s climate.
• Edible for Humans: Fruits, leaves, or flowers can be used for cooking or teas.

Quick Tips:

• Plant in spring or fall for best results.
• Group plants to mimic natural ecosystems and create wildlife corridors.
• Use mulch and water regularly during the first year to help plants establish.

By choosing native plants, you’ll create a sustainable, wildlife-friendly yard while adding beauty and functionality to your outdoor space.

Plant Choices To Consider For a Wildlife-Friendly Landscape

1. Pawpaw Trees

The pawpaw tree (Asimina triloba) is a native gem of Maryland, known for its creamy, custard-like fruits that are a magnet for local wildlife. These trees flourish in the moist, shaded forests of western Maryland, particularly along the Appalachian Mountains.

Pawpaw trees provide food for a variety of creatures:

• Small Mammals: Raccoons, foxes, opossums, and squirrels find the fruit irresistible.
• Birds: Many native bird species rely on the pawpaw’s nutrient-rich fruit.
• Butterflies: The zebra swallowtail butterfly depends exclusively on pawpaw leaves to nourish its larvae.

If you’re considering adding pawpaw trees to your yard, here are their basic growing needs:

Tips for Growing Pawpaw Trees

• Plant at least two trees to ensure cross-pollination, which is essential for fruit production.
• Keep the soil consistently moist, especially while the trees are getting established.
• Use mulch to retain moisture and keep weeds at bay.
• Protect young trees from deer and rodents to ensure healthy growth.

Pawpaw trees not only provide a rich source of food for wildlife but also enhance the landscape with their large, tropical-like leaves and seasonal fruit. Up next, learn about another native plant that plays a vital role in Maryland’s ecosystems.

2. Serviceberry Shrubs

Serviceberry shrubs (Amelanchier spp.) play an essential role in supporting Maryland’s wildlife. These woody plants, often growing between 15 and 25 feet tall, bring year-round beauty with their delicate spring flowers, sweet summer berries, and colorful fall foliage.

Wildlife Benefits

Serviceberries are a favorite among over 40 bird species, including robins, cardinals, catbirds, and cedar waxwings. Beyond birds, they provide food, shelter, and nesting sites for various wildlife. Their berries nourish small mammals like chipmunks and squirrels, while their nectar supports bees and butterflies. Additionally, the leaves serve as a host for striped hairstreak butterfly larvae.

Growing Requirements

Serviceberries are well-suited for Maryland’s environment, thriving in various settings like suburban yards or woodland edges. They require minimal maintenance and adapt to different conditions.

Best Varieties for Maryland

Several serviceberry varieties thrive in Maryland’s climate. The Allegheny Serviceberry (Amelanchier laevis), known for its striking fall colors, can grow up to 30 feet tall. For smaller spaces, the ‘Autumn Brilliance’ cultivar is a great choice, reaching 15–20 feet and producing plenty of fruit.

Planting Tips

The best time to plant serviceberries is either spring or fall. When planting, dig a hole twice as wide as the root ball but no deeper than the container. Add 2–3 inches of mulch around the base – being careful to keep it away from the trunk – to conserve moisture and reduce weeds. During the first growing season, water deeply once a week to help the plant establish itself.

Not only do serviceberry shrubs support local wildlife, but they also produce delicious, edible "Juneberries" that are perfect for fresh eating or making preserves. These shrubs are a fantastic addition to Maryland landscapes, offering both ecological benefits and culinary delights.

Next, we’ll explore another native edible plant that contributes to Maryland’s wildlife habitat.

3. Black Cherry Trees

Black Cherry trees (Prunus serotina) are a vital part of Maryland’s ecosystem. These towering trees can grow between 60–90 feet tall and live for 80–100 years, making them a long-lasting addition to local habitats ^[4]. Following our exploration of serviceberry shrubs, Black Cherry trees offer even more benefits for Maryland’s wildlife.

Wildlife Value

Black Cherry trees are a powerhouse for supporting local creatures, providing food and shelter for 456 species of moths and butterflies. This makes them one of the top 10 native trees in terms of ecological importance ^[4]. Their fruits, which ripen from July to September, are a key food source for a variety of animals ^[2].

Growing Requirements

Black Cherry trees are well-suited to Maryland’s growing conditions and can produce up to 10,000 fruits in a single season ^[5]. They thrive when planted alongside other native species, creating a harmonious and productive environment.

Planting Tips

For best results, plant Black Cherry trees in early spring or fall. Select a location with enough space to accommodate their full size, and consider how the fruit will be managed as the tree matures.

Companion Planting

Pairing Black Cherry trees with other fruit-bearing natives, like serviceberry and elderberry, creates a layered habitat that provides food throughout the year. This approach not only supports biodiversity but also enhances the overall landscape.

Maintenance Considerations

• Use tree guards to protect saplings from damage.
• Allow fallen leaves to remain, as they nurture beneficial insects.
• Keep an eye out for pests like tent caterpillars and diseases such as black knot fungus.
• Birds consume 70–80% of the fruit, which helps maintain a balanced ecosystem ^[6].

4. Common Milkweed Plants

Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) is a native perennial that provides essential support to Maryland’s wildlife. This plant is especially important for monarch butterflies and other pollinators, making it a key player in local ecosystems ^[3].

Wildlife Benefits

Common Milkweed offers both nourishment and shelter to a variety of wildlife. Its most notable role is as the primary host plant for monarch butterfly caterpillars.

Growing Requirements

This resilient plant thrives in Maryland’s climate and requires little upkeep after it’s established.

Planting Tips

For best results, sow seeds outdoors in the fall or start them indoors for spring planting. Thanks to its deep root system, Common Milkweed helps prevent soil erosion and adds long-term stability to gardens.

Management Considerations

Common Milkweed has a tendency to spread, so it’s wise to plan its placement carefully. Here are some strategies to manage its growth:

• Plant in wildflower beds specifically designated for spreading species.
• Install root barriers to control its expansion.
• Let it spread naturally in meadow or prairie-style gardens.
• Create buffer zones to keep it away from vegetable gardens.

These steps will help keep Common Milkweed manageable while allowing it to thrive in a wildlife-friendly environment.

Seasonal Value

This plant offers year-round benefits. In spring, it provides early nourishment for pollinators. Summer brings vibrant blooms that attract insects, while fall sees the production of seed pods, which serve as food and nesting material. Even in winter, its dried stalks provide shelter for overwintering insects.

Companion Plants

Pair Common Milkweed with other native plants like Black-eyed Susan, Wild Bergamot, or native coneflowers. These combinations not only enhance your garden’s visual appeal but also create diverse habitats that support a variety of wildlife species.

5. American Persimmon Trees

American persimmon trees can reach heights of 30–60 feet, showcasing dark, blocky bark and producing sweet, orange fruits in the fall ^[3].

Wildlife Benefits

These trees are a favorite among wildlife, offering both food and shelter:

Growing Requirements

American persimmon trees are well-suited to Maryland’s climate and require little upkeep once established. While they can adapt to a variety of soil conditions, they thrive best in well-drained, loamy soil.

Strategic Placement

For maximum ecological benefit, consider these placement tips:

• Position along woodland edges to create natural wildlife corridors.
• Avoid high-traffic areas to minimize issues with fallen fruit.
• Plant in groups alongside other native fruiting species.
• Place near existing wildlife habitats to boost foraging opportunities.

Seasonal Value

The fruits ripen from late summer through fall, offering a vital food source when other options are limited. Fully ripe persimmons are also packed with vitamins A and C, making them a nutritious treat for wildlife.

Ecological Impact

American persimmon trees do more than feed wildlife – they help prevent soil erosion, improve soil health, and boost biodiversity. Their presence enriches Maryland’s landscapes, supporting local ecosystems and enhancing habitats for a variety of species.

For advice on planting and care, reach out to professional horticulturists who can help you make the most of these versatile trees.

6. Wild Bergamot Flowers

Wild Bergamot, or Monarda fistulosa, is a standout addition to Maryland’s native edible plants. This perennial beauty grows between 2–4 feet tall with a spread of 2–3 feet, showcasing its lavender-pink blooms from June through September ^[3].

Wildlife Benefits

Wild Bergamot isn’t just a feast for the eyes – it’s a vital resource for local wildlife:

Growing Requirements

Once established, Wild Bergamot thrives with minimal care, perfectly suited to Maryland’s climate:

Edible Uses

This plant isn’t just for the garden – it’s a culinary gem too. Its leaves and flowers have a minty-oregano flavor that enhances a variety of dishes:

• Use fresh leaves to add a zesty kick to salads.
• Dry the leaves as a flavorful oregano substitute.
• Sprinkle the flowers as vibrant, edible garnishes.
• Brew the leaves into a fragrant, herbal tea.

Strategic Placement

For maximum impact, plant Wild Bergamot in clusters of 3–5. This arrangement not only enhances its visual appeal but also optimizes its ability to attract pollinators. Here are some placement ideas:

• Near vegetable gardens to boost pollination.
• Along garden borders for easy harvesting.
• In butterfly gardens alongside other native plants.
• In areas with good air circulation to prevent mildew.

Companion Planting

Pairing Wild Bergamot with other native plants can create a thriving ecosystem. Consider these companions:

• Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta)
• Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)
• Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa)
• Little Bluestem grass

These combinations provide a rich habitat for Maryland’s wildlife while enhancing your garden’s biodiversity.

Maintenance Tips

Keep your Wild Bergamot healthy and vibrant with a few simple practices:

• Deadhead spent flowers to encourage prolonged blooming.
• Divide plants every 2–3 years in spring to maintain their vigor.
• Ensure proper air circulation to reduce the risk of powdery mildew.
• Water moderately during the establishment phase.

With its natural resistance to deer and pests – thanks to its thymol content – Wild Bergamot is a resilient choice for sustainable gardening in Maryland. Its dual role as a pollinator magnet and a culinary herb makes it a must-have for any garden ^[3].

7. Elderberry Bushes

The American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) plays a dual role in Maryland gardens, supporting local wildlife while offering culinary delights. These hardy shrubs typically grow between 5 and 12 feet in both height and width.

Wildlife Value

Elderberry bushes are ecological powerhouses, providing vital resources for various species:

Growing Requirements

To thrive, elderberry bushes need specific conditions:

Meeting these conditions ensures the plant’s ecological and edible benefits.

Edible Uses

Elderberry’s flowers and berries are not just for wildlife – they’re a treat for humans too:

• Berries: Cook them into jams, syrups, or wines.
• Flowers: Use them to make tea or add them to fritters.
• Important Note: Only eat cooked, ripe berries. Stems, leaves, seeds, and unripe berries contain cyanide-producing compounds and should be avoided.

Planting Strategy

Elderberry’s adaptability makes it ideal for a range of landscaping goals:

• Place near water features or in rain gardens.
• Pair with other native fruiting plants to enhance biodiversity.
• Use along property edges to create wildlife corridors.
• Incorporate into mixed shrub borders for natural screening.

Maintenance Tips

While elderberry bushes are relatively low-maintenance, a little care goes a long way:

• Prune in late winter to promote new growth.
• Mulch regularly to retain soil moisture.
• Watch for pests like aphids and spider mites.
• Ensure proper air circulation to reduce fungal risks.

Thanks to their deep roots, elderberries also help combat soil erosion, making them a sustainable choice for landscaping.

Companion Plants

Pair elderberry bushes with other native plants to create a thriving ecosystem. Great companions include:

• Joe-Pye weed
• Goldenrod
• Asters
• Black Cherry
• Serviceberry

These combinations not only enhance the garden’s beauty but also support Maryland’s biodiversity.

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8. Dandelions

Dandelions (Taraxacum officinale) are more than just a common sight in Maryland – they’re a vital resource for local wildlife throughout the year.

Wildlife Benefits

Dandelions contribute to Maryland’s ecosystem in numerous ways:

Growth Characteristics

Dandelions are well-suited to Maryland’s environment:

These hardy plants not only flourish in various conditions but also provide essential ecological benefits.

Ecological Impact

Dandelions play a key role in maintaining healthy soil and ecosystems:

• Break up compacted soil with their deep roots
• Improve soil aeration
• Reduce erosion
• Help retain ground moisture

Seasonal Wildlife Support

According to the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, dandelions are one of the earliest sources of nectar for pollinators when other flowers are scarce ^[6]. Each dandelion flower contains up to 100 tiny florets, each producing nectar that supports bees, butterflies, and other pollinators ^[4]. Their presence throughout the growing season makes them a critical resource during times of scarcity.

Integration Tips

Want to make dandelions part of your yard while keeping things manageable? Try these ideas:

• Set up dedicated pollinator zones
• Keep grass trimmed to 3–4 inches to allow dandelions to coexist
• Remove seed heads if controlling their spread is important
• Combine them with native wildflowers like anise-scented goldenrod for a balanced look

Nutritional Value

Dandelions aren’t just good for wildlife – they’re also packed with nutrients for humans. Their leaves boast more vitamin A than carrots and are rich in vitamins C and K ^[2]. Whether for wildlife or your own table, dandelions are a surprisingly nutritious addition.

9. Wild Leeks

Wild leeks (Allium tricoccum), often called ramps, are a treasured native perennial found in Maryland’s forest understory. They emerge in early spring, offering essential nourishment to local wildlife during a time when food is scarce.

Benefits to Wildlife

Wild leeks play a vital role in Maryland’s ecosystems by supporting various species and maintaining soil health:

Growth Characteristics

Wild leeks thrive in conditions that replicate their natural woodland environment. Here’s what they need to grow:

Natural Habitat and Ecosystem Role

These plants are typically found in deciduous forests, where dappled sunlight filters through the canopy. Their presence often signals a healthy and thriving woodland ecosystem, especially in the moist environments of the Appalachian region. By mimicking their natural conditions, you can successfully integrate wild leeks into a wildlife-friendly landscape.

Sustainable Management Practices

To ensure wild leeks thrive without depleting natural populations, consider these sustainable practices:

• Plant them in clusters beneath deciduous trees.
• Allow colonies to grow and spread naturally.
• Keep the soil moist by renewing leaf mulch annually.
• Harvest sparingly, taking only a small amount to allow for regrowth.

Seasonal Care Tips

Proper care throughout the year will help wild leeks flourish:

Wild leeks are not only a boon for wildlife but also a prized culinary ingredient, making them a valuable addition to Maryland’s landscapes. With careful management, they can provide a sustainable food source while enhancing the health of woodland ecosystems.

10. Eastern Red Cedar Trees

The Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) is a native evergreen tree that thrives in Maryland. It grows to a height of 40–50 feet with a spread of 8–20 feet, offering both beauty and utility to the local environment ^[3].

Wildlife Benefits

Eastern Red Cedar is a lifeline for wildlife, especially during the colder months. Its dense greenery provides excellent shelter, while its blue, fleshy cones are an important food source.

Growing Requirements

Eastern Red Cedar is well-suited to Maryland’s climate and tolerates challenging soil conditions. Here’s what you need to know for successful growth:

Ecological Impact

This tree is more than just a pretty addition to the landscape – it plays a vital role in Maryland’s ecosystems. Its deep roots help combat soil erosion, and its evergreen foliage provides year-round habitat and resources for wildlife. With proper care, Eastern Red Cedar can live for over 300 years, making it a long-term investment in environmental health ^[3].

Planting Guidelines

If you’re looking to add Eastern Red Cedar to your yard, keep these tips in mind:

• Plant both male and female trees to ensure cone production.
• Position trees strategically to act as windbreaks or privacy screens.
• Provide enough space for the tree to reach its mature size.
• Select well-drained locations with plenty of sunlight.
• Water regularly during the first few years to help the tree establish itself.

Special Considerations

Be aware that Eastern Red Cedar can host cedar-apple rust, a disease that affects apple and crabapple trees. To avoid this, maintain proper spacing between these species. Additionally, monitor its growth, as the tree can spread quickly in open areas. Despite these considerations, Eastern Red Cedar remains an excellent choice for creating a wildlife-friendly yard. When combined with other native plants, it helps build a balanced and sustainable habitat.

How to Plant Native Species in Your Yard

Transform your yard into a sanctuary for wildlife by incorporating native edible plants. Here’s a guide to seamlessly integrating these plants into your Maryland yard.

Site Assessment and Planning

Start by evaluating the conditions of your yard. Pay attention to the following:

This assessment helps you plan effective plant groupings and wildlife corridors.

Plant Grouping Strategies

Arrange your plants in clusters that mimic natural ecosystems to create thriving habitats. For example, pair pawpaw trees with wild leeks in shaded spots to replicate forest understory conditions. Combine serviceberry shrubs with wild bergamot to provide layered food sources that attract a variety of species. By aligning these groupings with Maryland’s native ecosystems, you can support biodiversity throughout the year.

Establishing Wildlife Corridors

Ensure your yard supports continuous movement for wildlife by connecting planted areas. Here’s how:

• Fill gaps with native groundcovers.
• Use hedgerows to link larger planting zones.
• Preserve existing tree canopy connections.
• Minimize lawn areas between wildlife-friendly zones.

These pathways help animals and insects move freely across your yard.

Planting Tips for Success

Best Planting Seasons
Plant in spring or fall when temperatures are mild and rainfall is more consistent. Aim for mid-March to early May or late September to early November ^[3].

Preparing the Soil

• Remove invasive plants, including their root systems.
• Enrich the soil with organic compost to improve its structure.
• Dig planting holes that are twice as wide as the root balls.
• Ensure the soil around the plant base remains level with the natural grade.

Maintenance Guidelines

During the first two years, your plants will need extra care to establish themselves:

Once established, your native plants will require minimal upkeep while continuing to support local wildlife.

Professional Support

If you’re unsure where to start, consider hiring a landscaping professional. They can assess your yard, design plant groupings, handle installation, and provide guidance on care during the critical establishment period.

Long-term Success Strategies

For a thriving native landscape, follow these tips:

• Apply organic mulch to retain soil moisture.
• Avoid chemical pesticides to protect beneficial insects and animals.
• Let plants grow naturally without excessive pruning.
• Keep an eye on plant health and monitor wildlife activity.

Native plants are not only better adapted to the local environment but also require less maintenance than non-native species once they’re established. This makes them an excellent choice for a more sustainable and wildlife-friendly yard ^[3].

Getting Help From Landscape Experts

Once you’ve explored native species and planting techniques, teaming up with landscape experts can help you unlock your yard’s full potential. Professionals can guide you in designing a wildlife-friendly yard with native edibles, enhancing your landscape while supporting local ecosystems.

Professional Design Benefits

Bringing in professionals offers several advantages:

With expert input, your yard can blend beauty and functionality seamlessly.

Sustainable Design Solutions

Companies like Pro Landscapes MD emphasize sustainable practices by:

• Creating Habitats: Designing layered plantings that offer food and shelter to local wildlife.
• Supporting Ecosystems: Developing low-maintenance landscapes that benefit both nature and homeowners.

Expert Implementation

Pro Landscapes MD uses eco-conscious methods to establish thriving landscapes while conserving resources. Their services include:

• Detailed site evaluations to identify optimal planting areas.
• Custom designs that balance aesthetics with ecological benefits.
• Professional installation to ensure plants are set up for success.
• Ongoing guidance to maintain plant health and ecosystem balance.

Aquatic Features

Adding water features can elevate your yard’s appeal and ecological value. Options include:

• Rain Gardens: Manage stormwater and provide habitats for wildlife.
• Natural Water Features: Attract birds, insects, and other beneficial species.
• Graded Areas: Direct water flow to nourish plants and complement native installations.

Long-term Success

Professional landscaping ensures your outdoor space thrives over time through:

• Regular monitoring and seasonal care.
• Adjustments to plant selections as needed.
• Addressing challenges during the establishment phase.
• Enhancing overall ecosystem health.

Next Steps

Turn your yard into a haven for wildlife by incorporating native edible plants. Each thoughtful step you take not only enhances your outdoor space but also supports Maryland’s rich array of wildlife by offering food and shelter year-round.

Planning and Implementation

When designing your wildlife-friendly garden, keep these essential factors in mind:

Take time to assess your yard’s unique conditions. Create natural corridors that connect feeding areas, ensuring your design is both functional for wildlife and visually appealing.

Professional Support

Once you’ve evaluated your space, consider seeking help from professionals to bring your vision to life. Experts in native plant landscaping can help you craft a garden that balances practicality and beauty. For instance, Pro Landscapes MD offers services like:

• Site Evaluations: Identifying the best planting spots for your yard.
• Custom Design Plans: Tailoring designs to meet both wildlife needs and aesthetic goals.
• Professional Installation: Ensuring plants are placed and cared for properly from the start.

"At Pro Landscapes MD, we specialize in creating outdoor environments that blend beauty, function, and sustainability." – Pro Landscapes MD ^[1]

Maintenance Tips

After planting, consistent care is essential to keep your garden thriving. During the first season, make sure to monitor soil moisture levels and remove weeds that could compete with your new plants. A little attention goes a long way in ensuring your wildlife habitat flourishes.

FAQs

What are some practical ways to add native edible plants to my Maryland garden to support wildlife?

Incorporating Native Edible Plants into Your Maryland Garden

Adding native edible plants to your Maryland garden is a simple way to support local wildlife while creating a beautiful, functional landscape. Start by evaluating your yard to find the right spots for these plants – think sunny areas for fruiting shrubs or shaded corners for ground covers. Grouping plants with similar needs for sunlight, soil, and water can make maintenance easier and help them thrive together.

Consider planting species like serviceberries, elderberries, or pawpaws. These not only provide delicious fruits for you but also serve as a food source for local wildlife. Use them as hedges, focal points, or even in naturalized sections of your yard. For ground covers, options like wild strawberries or violets can fill open spaces while providing nectar and forage for pollinators. By layering your plants – with taller trees, shrubs, and ground covers – you create a rich, multi-level habitat that supports a variety of animals.

If you’re not sure where to begin, reach out to landscaping experts such as Pro Landscapes MD. They specialize in designing eco-friendly gardens that balance natural beauty with functionality, helping you create a space that’s perfect for both you and the local ecosystem.

How can I maintain the health and sustainability of native edible plants in Maryland’s climate?

To keep native edible plants thriving in Maryland, it’s essential to focus on planting, care, and upkeep tailored to their needs. Start by selecting plants that match your soil type, light exposure, and moisture levels. Since native plants are already acclimated to Maryland’s environment, they typically need less watering and fertilizing once they’ve taken root.

Stay vigilant about removing invasive species that could compete with your plants, and use mulch to help the soil retain moisture and stay cool. Pruning is another key step – it promotes healthy growth and keeps plants from becoming overcrowded. By cultivating a balanced, wildlife-friendly space, you’ll not only help pollinators and local wildlife but also ensure these plants remain part of a sustainable ecosystem.

What are some eco-friendly ways to manage pests and diseases on native edible plants in Maryland?

To keep your native edible plants safe without resorting to harsh chemicals, try eco-friendly methods for managing pests and diseases. One effective approach is to attract natural predators like ladybugs and birds, which naturally keep pest populations in check. Another helpful strategy is companion planting – for example, planting marigolds near your crops to repel harmful insects. Make it a habit to check your plants regularly for early signs of trouble, and promptly remove any diseased leaves or stems to stop problems from spreading.

You can also turn to homemade solutions for extra protection. Neem oil or a mild soap spray can work wonders for tackling pests without harming the environment. Healthy soil is another key factor – use compost and mulch to boost your plants’ natural defenses against diseases. By creating a balanced ecosystem in your garden, you’ll not only protect your crops but also support local wildlife, all while maintaining a thriving and sustainable landscape.

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