Spring in Maryland brings warmer weather – and pests. From carpenter ants to termites, these invaders can damage your yard, plants, and even your home. Early detection is key to preventing costly repairs and maintaining a healthy landscape.

Here’s a quick overview of the most common spring pests in Maryland and how to manage them:

• Carpenter Ants: Leave sawdust piles and weaken wood structures. Control moisture and replace rotting wood.
• Termites: Cause $5 billion in U.S. property damage annually. Look for mud tubes and hollow wood. Professional treatment may be necessary.
• Scale Insects: Sap-sucking pests that weaken plants and cause yellowing leaves. Use horticultural oils and encourage natural predators.
• Spider Mites: Tiny arachnids that cause stippling on leaves. Spray plants with water and maintain proper humidity.
• Thrips: Damage leaves and flowers with silvery patches and black spots. Remove weeds and use insecticidal soaps.
• Mealybugs: Cottony white clusters on plants. Prune infested areas and use neem oil.
• Whiteflies: Scatter in small clouds when disturbed. Use yellow sticky traps and apply insecticidal soaps.

Quick Tip: Regular yard maintenance, like trimming foliage and removing standing water, helps keep pests away. For severe infestations, call a professional pest control service.

Taking action early in spring saves time, money, and your yard’s health.

1. Carpenter Ants

Appearance and Identification

Carpenter ants are some of the largest ants found in Maryland, measuring between 1/4 and 3/4 of an inch in length ^[4]. Their dark color and size make them easy to recognize ^[4].

During spring, these ants engage in nuptial flights, where winged alates emerge to seek new nesting locations ^[4]. Spotting these winged ants is a strong sign of carpenter ant activity in the area.

"As spring brings in warmer days and blooming landscapes, it also signals a rise in carpenter ant activity." – Ja-Roy Pest Control ^[4]

Frequent sightings of ants along exterior walls or near your home’s foundation often indicate nearby nesting sites ^[4]. Since carpenter ants are most active at night, inspections during evening hours can be particularly effective ^[5].

These identification tips are crucial for understanding the potential damage these ants can cause.

Damage to Landscaping or Structures

Carpenter ants don’t consume wood but instead tunnel through it to create nesting galleries, which can weaken the structural integrity of buildings, especially when key support beams are affected ^[5][6].

"Unlike termites, they do not feed on wood but cause damage by creating nests in damp or moisture-compromised wood." – University of Maryland Extension ^[5]

They are particularly drawn to damp or rotting wood, although they can expand their tunnels into sound wood once established ^[5]. If you notice carpenter ants in trees, it often points to underlying wood rot that needs attention ^[5].

Signs of Infestation

One of the most obvious signs of carpenter ant activity is the presence of small piles of sawdust or frass near wooden structures. This coarse sawdust, which resembles pencil shavings, is evidence of active tunneling and is often more noticeable after rain when moisture levels are higher ^[4][5].

Other signs include increased ant activity around woodpiles, decaying logs, or tree stumps ^[4]. Common nesting spots include window and door sills, areas behind downspouts, walls near overflowing gutters, and stored firewood ^[5].

Management and Prevention Tips

Spotting these signs early allows for timely prevention. Controlling moisture is key – replace damp or rotting wood with pressure-treated materials, keep gutters clean, and ensure proper drainage around your home ^[5]. You can also reduce risks by trimming shrubs and tree limbs to prevent them from touching the house, storing firewood in a dry spot away from the home, and sealing cracks around windows, doors, and areas where wires or pipes enter the house ^[5].

While individual ants can be vacuumed up, indoor spraying is not recommended for carpenter ant control ^[5]. For more severe infestations, the best approach is to locate the nest and apply pesticides directly. Professional pest control services can handle this effectively, or you can use granular baits specifically designed for carpenter ants if the nest location remains unknown ^[5].

2. Termites

Appearance and Identification

Termites are a serious threat to structures, often causing more damage than carpenter ants. In Maryland, termites range in size from 1/8 inch to 1 inch. They can be identified by their straight, beaded antennae, a thick waist (unlike the pinched waist of ants), and two pairs of wings that are equal in length. These wings are often discarded after swarming ^[7].

Maryland is home to three main types of termites:

• Subterranean termites: The most common type, measuring 1/8 to 3/8 inch, with colors ranging from pale cream to dark brown or black. They live underground and need moist environments to survive ^[7].
• Drywood termites: Larger in size, between 3/8 and 1 inch, with pale to dark brown coloring. They live above ground in dry wood ^[7].
• Formosan termites: Found mainly in southern areas, these termites are 1/8 to 1/2 inch long and have a caramel to brownish-yellow appearance ^[7].

Here’s a quick comparison to help distinguish termites from ants:

Damage to Landscaping or Structures

Termites inflict over $5 billion in property damage across the U.S. every year by consuming wood and other cellulose-rich materials ^[9]. Subterranean termites, for instance, tunnel inside wood while leaving the outer surface intact. Without treatment, damage from Eastern Subterranean termites can become severe within 3 to 8 years ^[8][9]. A single colony, which can house anywhere from 60,000 to over 1 million termites, feeds around the clock ^[9].

Signs of Infestation

Watch for these warning signs of a termite infestation:

• Discarded wings near windows, doors, or foundations.
• Pencil-thin mud tubes along exterior walls.
• Wood that sounds hollow when tapped ^[7].

Management and Prevention Tips

To protect your property from termites, focus on reducing moisture and removing potential food sources:

• Moisture control: Clean gutters, trim tree branches to allow sunlight, space plants for better airflow, and direct water away from your home’s foundation.
• Wood debris removal: Avoid burying wood waste, store firewood off the ground, and clear away any wood debris.

Professional inspections are an effective way to catch termite activity early. Annual inspections cost around $125, while perimeter treatments range from $10 to $13 per linear foot. Full treatments can cost between $499 and $1,500, depending on the extent of the infestation ^{[10][11][12][13]}.

In Maryland, termites are found in about 25% of inspected homes ^[12]. Since swarming season peaks from late March through May in the Maryland, DC, and Virginia area, scheduling an inspection during this time is highly recommended ^[11]. Early detection and prompt action are key to protecting your property from costly damage.

3. Scale Insects

Appearance and Identification

Scale insects are tiny pests that feed on plant sap, protected by a hard, scale-like casing that conceals their bodies ^[14]. Ranging in size from 1/8 to 1/4 inch, these insects attach themselves to branches, stems, leaves, or fruit on trees and shrubs across Maryland. Their muted colors and stationary habits often make them hard to spot until the damage becomes noticeable.

Scale insects fall into two main categories, each with distinct features:

The protective covers of these insects can vary in color – brown, gray, or white – and come in shapes like round, rice-like, or oystershell-like. With over 8,000 species worldwide and about 1,000 in the U.S. [30,34], Maryland landscapes host a diverse range of these pests. A key identification clue: adult female scales are wingless.

Damage to Landscaping or Structures

Scale insects weaken plants by sucking sap, which can lead to yellowing leaves, twig dieback, and even defoliation in severe cases. This stress leaves plants more susceptible to drought, harsh winters, other pests, and diseases. Soft scales add another layer of trouble by excreting sticky honeydew – a substance that encourages the growth of black sooty mold, which blocks photosynthesis and attracts ants and other insects.

Armored scales, on the other hand, damage plants differently. They burst plant cells and feed on the contents, a type of injury that can be especially harmful to certain trees and shrubs.

Signs of Infestation

Catching an infestation early can make a big difference. Watch for yellow blotches on leaves and inspect the undersides of leaf veins. If your plant shows signs of stress – like stunted growth, sparse flowering, or patchy dieback – check the bark on trunks and stems for scale insects. Be aware that dead scale covers can remain on plants long after the insect has died, so it’s important to distinguish between old residues and active infestations. For soft scales, sticky deposits on leaves and stems, along with black sooty mold and increased ant activity, are clear signs of trouble.

Management and Prevention Tips

Keeping plants healthy is your first line of defense. Water them properly and avoid over-fertilizing, as excessive nutrients can attract pests.

Here are some effective strategies to manage and prevent scale infestations:

• Prune or remove heavily infested areas to improve air circulation and reduce scale populations.
• Use dormant oils in late fall or early spring to target overwintering scales.
• Apply horticultural oils or insecticidal soaps during the growing season when crawlers are active for better control.
• Encourage beneficial insects by limiting unnecessary pesticide use, as these natural predators help keep scale populations in check.
• Consider systemic insecticides for severe cases, but use them cautiously to avoid harming pollinators.

Soft scales typically have one generation per year, while armored scales can produce multiple generations – though exceptions exist. Since a single female soft scale can lay 1,000–2,000 eggs, early intervention is essential to stop populations from exploding. Next, let’s explore another common spring pest: spider mites.

4. Spider Mites

Appearance and Identification

Spider mites are minuscule arachnids, closely related to spiders and ticks, measuring less than 1 mm in size ^[16]. Because of their tiny size, they’re almost impossible to see without assistance [43, 47]. To check for them in your Maryland yard, use a magnifying glass to inspect the undersides of leaves for tiny moving specks or eggs. Another method is to gently tap a suspected leaf over a white sheet of paper – if small, moving dots fall onto the paper, you might be dealing with spider mites. Their webbing is much finer and less dense than that of spiders, often giving plants a dusty look ^[16].

Damage to Landscaping

Spider mites harm plants by piercing leaf tissue and extracting cell contents, which results in a stippled appearance on the leaves ^[16]. Over time, heavy stippling can cause leaves to turn tan, brown, or even silvery. You might also notice yellowing, curling, or premature leaf drop. On needled evergreens, severe infestations can lead to browning and needle loss. When feeding on fruits, spider mites can cause a bronze-brown discoloration known as russeting ^[16].

Signs of Infestation

The first signs of a spider mite problem include stippling on the upper leaf surfaces and the appearance of fine webbing along stems and leaf edges ^[15]. As the infestation grows, affected plants may show yellowing or bronzing. In advanced cases, leaves may curl, distort, or even fall off.

Management and Prevention Tips

Spider mites thrive in hot, dry conditions, so maintaining proper watering practices is key to keeping them in check. Warmer weather speeds up their reproduction, with females capable of laying up to a dozen eggs daily for several weeks ^[17]. According to Richard Clark, PhD, from the University of Utah:

"In the field and in greenhouses, spider mite outbreaks on crop plants are often associated with hot and dry conditions." ^[17]

To manage infestations, try spraying affected plants with a strong stream of water to knock off mites and break their webs ^[18]. Horticultural oils and insecticidal soaps are also effective but may need to be applied multiple times. Dormant oil sprays can be used in early spring to target overwintering mites and eggs [50, 53].

For long-term prevention, focus on keeping plants healthy with proper fertilization and by removing weeds and fallen leaves that can harbor spider mites. Another natural approach is introducing predatory mites or beneficial insects to control their population [44, 46]. Rotating between different control methods is also helpful in preventing pesticide resistance.

Next, let’s take a closer look at thrips, another common spring pest in Maryland.

5. Thrips

Appearance and Identification

As spring arrives in Maryland, adult thrips can be spotted at just 1–2 mm in size, with narrow, fringed wings that come in shades of white, yellow, brown, or black ^[19][21]. Their immature forms are even tinier and appear white or yellow ^[19]. Due to their small size, a magnifying lens is often necessary to identify them ^[21].

To check for thrips in your yard, try this simple method: tap some foliage over a white surface. If thrips are present, you’ll see tiny, slender bodies moving across the background ^[20][21].

Damage to Landscaping

Thrips harm plants by puncturing their tissues and sucking out the contents, leaving behind a trail of stippling, discoloration, or silvery patches on leaves, along with tiny black fecal spots ^[19][20]. On flowers, their feeding creates white or brown blotches on petals, often causing a "color break" effect where buds show pale or dark discoloration before they bloom ^[20]. In severe cases, they can cause dark streaks and spots on rose petals or completely deform flower buds ^[20].

Leaf damage starts with stippling and can escalate to more serious issues. Leaves may become papery, distorted, and yellow prematurely before falling off ^[20]. Infested plant tips might discolor, roll up, or even develop podlike or galled foliage due to certain thrips species ^[20]. On fruits, their feeding results in brown to silvery scarring, deforming apples, nectarines, and raspberries. For blueberry growers, citrus thrips are a common problem, distorting shoot tips and foliage and ultimately reducing yields ^[20].

Signs of Infestation

Telltale signs of thrips include stippling on leaves accompanied by black fecal spots ^[19][20]. Unlike the uniform damage caused by spider mites, thrips leave behind random, scattered damage. Stunted plant growth is another common symptom, especially when they target early season growth ^[20]. New shoots may appear distorted or fail to grow properly, and flowering plants often show discolored or damaged petals with unopened buds.

To confirm their presence, clip suspect plant parts and immerse them in alcohol to expose hidden thrips ^[20]. Yellow sticky traps are also helpful for monitoring adult populations ^[20].

Management and Prevention Tips

Successfully managing thrips requires a combination of strategies, including cultural practices, biological controls, and, when needed, targeted treatments ^[20]. Since thrips are hard to control once they’ve settled in, prevention is critical.

Start with cultural controls. Regularly clear away plant debris to eliminate overwintering spots and keep weeds under control, as they can serve as alternate hosts ^[20][24]. Ensure your plants are well-suited to their environment and provide proper care, as healthy plants are better equipped to withstand damage ^[20]. Remove old or spent flowers promptly and destroy any infested plant parts instead of composting them ^[20][23].

Biological controls focus on encouraging natural predators like lacewings, ladybugs, predatory mites, minute pirate bugs, and parasitic wasps ^[20][24]. Avoid using broad-spectrum pesticides that could harm these beneficial insects ^[23]. Jeff Schalau from the University of Arizona Cooperative Extension emphasizes this point:

"By the time thrips damage is noticeable, natural enemies have probably already started controlling their populations. For this reason, pesticides should be applied only when serious damage is occurring. Heavy thrips infestations can harm fruit tree blossoms and potentially reduce the fruit crop. Most ornamental plants can tolerate thrips damage caused in spring and will develop normal leaves once temperatures rise into the 90s." ^[21]

Physical barriers can also help protect vulnerable plants. Use row covers, fine mesh screens, or reflective mulch around plants to deter thrips ^[20][23][24].

If chemical control becomes necessary, start with gentler options like insecticidal soaps, neem oil, or pyrethrins ^[20][23]. Apply these sprays thoroughly, focusing on the undersides of leaves where thrips tend to hide. Spinosad is often more effective than other organic options but should be used sparingly to avoid harming beneficial insects ^[20].

Regular monitoring is essential for staying ahead of infestations. Inspect your plants weekly during spring and early summer, and keep using yellow sticky traps to track adult thrips populations ^[20][24].

With thrips covered, let’s move on to identifying and managing mealybugs.

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6. Mealybugs

Appearance and Identification

Mealybugs are tiny, soft-bodied insects that stand out due to their white, cotton-like wax coating. Adult females, which are wingless and about 1/16 of an inch long, move slowly and can often be spotted on the undersides of leaves, along stems, within flowers, or even on the outer surfaces of plant containers. Their waxy coating is usually the first clue of an infestation, so it’s wise to regularly check the joints of leaves and stems for any signs. With around 300 species found across North America, this cottony appearance is a shared trait among them. As the University of Maryland Extension puts it:

"Mealybugs are insects covered with cottony white wax and may be found on houseplants." ^[25]

Damage to Landscaping

Mealybugs harm plants by feeding on their sap, which can lead to yellowing leaves, stunted growth, dieback, or even the plant’s death. While they feed, they release a sticky substance called honeydew, which not only diminishes the quality of plants and fruits but also encourages the growth of black sooty mold. Heavy infestations are particularly damaging during spring, when plants are producing new growth, often causing leaf drop and severe stunting. These pests are commonly found on ornamental plants’ leaves, stems, and branches, especially in warm and humid environments. Female citrus mealybugs are particularly prolific, capable of laying up to 600 eggs, making it crucial to address infestations early.

Signs of Infestation

The clearest sign of a mealybug problem is the presence of white, cottony clusters on plants, particularly around leaf joints, stem crevices, and flower buds. Other symptoms include yellowing leaves, slowed growth, and a sticky residue from honeydew, which often becomes a breeding ground for black sooty mold. In more severe cases, you might notice leaves dropping prematurely and new growth appearing distorted.

Management and Prevention Tips

Mealybugs can be tricky to manage because of their waxy coating and tendency to hide in plant crevices, so early detection is key. Start by inspecting any new plants thoroughly before adding them to your garden or indoor collection. For small infestations, cultural controls like handpicking the bugs, pruning affected areas, or spraying plants with a strong jet of water can be effective. Be cautious not to overuse nitrogen fertilizers, as they can encourage mealybug reproduction.

Biological control offers a sustainable solution. Natural predators like lady beetles, lacewings, and parasitic wasps can help keep mealybug populations under control. For smaller infestations, spot treatments using isopropyl alcohol, insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, or neem oil can work well. As one expert emphasizes:

"Managing Mealybugs is much easier if you can catch an infestation in its early stages. Don’t wait for an infestation to build up to unmanageable levels." ^[26]

Regular monitoring during the spring and early summer, combined with proper watering, lighting, and nutrition, can help plants stay healthy and less vulnerable to infestations. Systemic insecticides should only be used as a last resort to protect beneficial insects.

Next, we’ll take a closer look at the final pest on our list: whiteflies.

7. Whiteflies

Appearance and Identification

Whiteflies are tiny, soft-bodied insects that look like miniature moths but are actually more closely related to aphids, mealybugs, and scale insects. Measuring about 1/10 inch long, they have a triangular shape and distinctive powdery white wings ^[28].

Unlike many pests that hide when disturbed, whiteflies are active during the day. When their host plant is touched, they scatter in small clouds, making them easy to spot. These insects typically gather on the undersides of leaves, especially near the veins, where they feed on plant sap ^[29]. With hundreds of species found across North America, whiteflies are becoming more prevalent in Maryland’s warmer areas ^[27].

Damage to Landscaping

Whiteflies harm plants by piercing leaf tissues and sucking out sap. This feeding behavior can cause leaf stippling, yellowing, drying, distortion, and even premature leaf drop – issues that are particularly problematic during spring growth ^[28]. Their feeding also produces honeydew, a sticky substance that promotes mold growth, further stressing the plant ^[31].

Additionally, whiteflies are known carriers of plant viruses. For instance, the sweetpotato whitefly can transmit up to 111 different viruses ^[32]. Compounding the problem, adult females can lay as many as 400 eggs, which means even a small infestation can quickly spiral out of control if left unchecked ^[30].

Signs of Infestation

One telltale sign of a whitefly infestation is the sudden flurry of tiny white insects flying up when plants are disturbed ^[27]. On closer inspection, you might find clusters of whiteflies clinging to the undersides of leaves. Other signs include yellowing leaves, stunted growth, sticky honeydew residue, and the presence of black sooty mold. Increased ant activity, drawn by the honeydew, can also indicate an infestation. Common host plants in Maryland gardens include tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce, and squash ^[28]. Spotting these signs early can make controlling the problem much easier.

Management and Prevention Tips

Controlling whiteflies starts with early detection and a combination of management strategies. When buying new plants – especially transplants like tomatoes, eggplants, and cucumbers – inspect them carefully. Gently tap the plants to see if whiteflies take flight, and avoid introducing infested plants into your garden. For minor infestations, spraying plants with water can help dislodge eggs and nymphs ^[27].

Encouraging natural predators, such as ladybugs and lacewings, can help keep whitefly populations in check ^[27].

For more severe infestations, applying insecticidal soaps or neem oil can be effective. Focus on covering the undersides of leaves thoroughly, as this is where whiteflies tend to gather. These treatments work best when applied early in the morning or evening ^[28]. Yellow sticky traps can also help monitor and reduce adult whitefly populations. Additionally, cultural practices like removing garden weeds and avoiding consecutive planting of whitefly-prone crops can limit their spread. Reflective mulch around vulnerable plants can also confuse and deter whiteflies ^[27].

M.L. Flint, an Extension Entomologist Emerita at UC Davis, emphasizes the importance of proper application:

"Most less-toxic products such as insecticidal soaps, neem oil, or petroleum-based oils control only those whiteflies that are directly sprayed. Therefore, plants must be thoroughly covered with the spray solution, and repeat applications may be necessary." ^[29]

Keeping an eye on your plants throughout the spring and early summer, combined with these strategies, can help manage whiteflies and protect your garden from serious damage.

Scale Insects Life Cycle and Management

Quick Reference Table

Here’s a handy table to help identify common pests and manage them effectively:

Essential Prevention Strategies

General yard maintenance is key to keeping pests at bay. A well-maintained lawn and garden can discourage pests from settling in. Here are some tips:

• Keep grass mowed to a height of no less than 3.5 inches.
• Follow a proper fertilization and aeration schedule, and ensure plants are adequately watered ^[1].
• Eliminate standing water from bird baths and clogged gutters.
• Trim overgrown brush and foliage to reduce hiding spots ^[3][36].
• Seal cracks and entry points around your home’s foundation and pipes using caulk or steel wool to stop pests from sneaking indoors ^[3].

These practices, combined with pest-specific strategies, help create a healthier and more pest-resistant yard.

As pest management expert Paula Becker puts it:

"Total eradication is unrealistic and can cause an imbalance. Getting pest numbers to a comfortable level is easier and more sustainable. If you include supportive habitat in your yard, you can reduce the pest problem." ^[22]

When to Call Professionals

If pests persist despite your efforts, or if you’re dealing with severe infestations, it’s time to call in professional pest control ^[37]. Acting early can save you significant time and money, especially when pests threaten your property’s structure.

Healthy landscapes naturally resist pest problems. By focusing on maintaining strong, thriving outdoor spaces, pest control becomes far easier to manage during Maryland’s bustling spring season.

Conclusion

Managing pests during spring is a key step in keeping Maryland landscapes both healthy and visually appealing. As the Pest Czar Team explains, "Spring is also the breeding season for many pests, as termite swarmers and carpenter ants begin establishing new colonies" ^[3]. The shift from Maryland’s cold winters to warmer spring weather creates the perfect environment for pests to thrive. Tackling these issues early, while pest populations are still small, makes control efforts more effective and prevents colonies from becoming deeply established ^[3]. Acting promptly can save you from expensive structural damage, as pests like termites can quietly eat away at wooden structures throughout the growing season. Early intervention not only addresses immediate issues but also prepares your yard for the months ahead.

Taking a proactive approach to pest control offers more than just quick fixes – it provides lasting benefits. Regular monitoring and preventive treatments help maintain the overall health of your landscape while reducing the likelihood of costly repairs down the line. Seasonal pest treatments, which typically range between $135–$200 per visit, can save homeowners from potential damages that could run into the thousands ^[39].

Another effective strategy is selecting plants that are well-suited to Maryland’s environment. This choice strengthens your landscape’s ability to withstand pest pressures during the challenging spring season ^[38].

For an even more robust solution, professional landscaping services can amplify these preventive efforts. Pro Landscapes MD offers a comprehensive approach that includes landscape design, construction, and maintenance. Their expertise in choosing the right plants, addressing drainage issues, and providing ongoing lawn care creates a strong foundation for healthy landscapes that naturally resist pest problems.

FAQs

How can I tell the difference between carpenter ants and termites in my yard?

Identifying carpenter ants and termites involves checking their wings, body shapes, and the damage they leave behind. Carpenter ants are easy to recognize by their narrow waists, bent antennae, and larger wings where the front pair is longer than the back. They’re usually black or dark in color. Termites, however, have straight antennae, a broad waist, and wings of equal length that are paddle-shaped. Their coloring tends to be white or light brown.

The damage they cause also sets them apart. Carpenter ants leave small piles of sawdust near wooden structures, a telltale sign of their activity. Termites, on the other hand, hollow out wood from the inside and often build mud tubes to retain moisture. Noticing these differences can help you figure out which pest you’re dealing with and take the proper steps to safeguard your home and yard.

What are effective natural ways to manage and prevent scale insects and mealybugs without using harsh chemicals?

To tackle scale insects and mealybugs naturally, try using neem oil sprays or dabbing the pests directly with rubbing alcohol (isopropyl) using a cotton swab. You can also mix up a DIY solution: combine water, a few drops of dish soap, neem oil, and a small amount of alcohol for an effective treatment.

Make it a habit to check your plants regularly. Wipe down or spray any infested areas to prevent the problem from spreading. Consistent attention and care are the best ways to keep your plants thriving and pest-free.

When should I call a professional to handle a termite problem in Maryland?

If you spot signs of termites – like mud tubes on walls, wood that sounds hollow when tapped, or piles of discarded wings – it’s time to call a professional pest control service. These warning signs suggest an infestation that needs prompt attention.

In Maryland, catching the problem early is essential to avoid serious damage to your home or yard. A professional can evaluate the situation, suggest effective treatment options, and work to safeguard your property from additional harm.

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