Stormwater runoff in Maryland often carries harmful hydrocarbons like PAHs and PCBs, which are toxic and carcinogenic. These pollutants, originating from urban areas such as parking lots, threaten local waterways, including the Chesapeake Bay. To tackle this, Maryland enforces stormwater management regulations, encouraging the use of various filtration methods. Here’s a quick guide to the most effective solutions:

• Media Filtration Systems: Remove 65–100% of hydrocarbons; require periodic cartridge replacement; adaptable for residential use.
• Membrane Filtration Systems: Offer precise filtration for dissolved pollutants; require regular maintenance; ideal for compact spaces.
• Organic Media Filters: Use natural materials to filter hydrocarbons and metals; eco-friendly; need occasional media replacement.
• Modular Wetlands & Biofiltration Units: Combine physical, chemical, and biological processes; highly efficient; space-saving designs.

Quick Comparison:

Each method has unique strengths and costs. For Maryland homeowners, combining systems like biofiltration units with natural media filters provides an effective, low-maintenance solution for hydrocarbon removal while meeting state regulations.

How the Stormwater Management StormFilter Works – Contech Engineered Solutions

1. Media Filtration Systems

Media filtration systems are a reliable way to remove hydrocarbons from stormwater runoff. These systems use specialized media housed in cartridges or chambers to trap particles and absorb pollutants. A common example is the StormFilter, which employs rechargeable, media-filled cartridges to treat stormwater effectively ^[1]. The media used can be tailored to target specific pollutants, making these systems versatile for Maryland’s varied environments.

Removal Efficiency

Media filtration systems are capable of removing 65–100% of oils, grease, and sediment-bound hydrocarbons ^[2]. One standout example is Fabco Industries‘ FabMax technology. This patented polymeric surfactant technology is designed to handle a wide range of hydrocarbons, from BTEX compounds to crude oil, as well as chlorinated solvents, PCBs, organic solvents, pesticides, and organically bound metals ^[6].

"FabMax is a patented polymeric surfactant technology, designed as a hydrocarbon stormwater filter treatment to remove hydrocarbons ranging from BTEX to crude oil, sheen, chlorinated solvents, PCBs, organic solvents, pesticides & biocides, and organically bound metals from wastewater." ^[6]

This high level of efficiency ensures consistent performance across installations of various sizes.

Maintenance Requirements

Routine maintenance is essential for optimal performance. This typically involves cleaning out sediment and replacing cartridges when visible signs, like scum lines, appear ^[4]. Cartridge replacement frequency varies, ranging from multiple times a year to intervals as long as five years. Maintenance times depend on the system size, with smaller, single-cartridge catch basins taking just a few minutes and larger setups requiring several hours ^[4]. Some systems are designed to prevent clogging from debris and oil, which extends cartridge life and lowers operational demands over time ^[4].

These factors contribute to the overall cost-effectiveness and ease of upkeep for these systems.

Cost

Costs for media filtration systems include both installation and ongoing maintenance. Media is typically priced per cubic yard, based on the filter volume needed ^[5]. Cartridge replacement costs differ by manufacturer, so it’s crucial to consider long-term maintenance when choosing a system ^[4]. Systems that allow for quick cartridge changes can help reduce labor costs, while those requiring specialized tools or extensive disassembly may lead to higher maintenance expenses ^[4].

Suitability for Residential Use

Media filtration systems are an excellent option for residential stormwater management in Maryland. They can be installed in catch basins, manholes, vaults, and other structures, making them adaptable to various property layouts ^[4]. Fabco Industries also offers centralized vault systems, which are cost-effective for treating multiple inlets and simplify maintenance compared to individual catch basin inserts ^[6]. These systems work well for a variety of applications, including storm drains, roof runoff, pipes, trenches, and flumes ^[6]. Pretreatment features, such as sumps and traps, help protect the media filters by removing sediment, floatables, and hydrocarbons before they reach the main filtration system. These designs can either be visible or completely hidden underground ^[3].

For Maryland homeowners interested in integrating stormwater filtration into their drainage systems, local experts like Pro Landscapes MD can offer professional installation and maintenance services to ensure environmental protection and landscape preservation.

2. Membrane Filtration Systems

Membrane filtration systems take stormwater treatment a step further by using specialized membranes to filter out specific pollutants. These systems are a compact alternative to traditional media systems, designed to address targeted contaminants. The process involves pushing water through membranes tailored to capture particular pollutants at each site, ensuring precise filtration ^[7].

Two primary separation techniques are at the core of these systems. Microfiltration (MF) removes particulates and bacteria, making it effective for basic water purification. Meanwhile, ultrafiltration (UF) handles more complex tasks, treating industrial wastewater and process water by eliminating suspended solids, colloidal particles, bacteria, viruses, and macromolecules ^[9]. Treated stormwater from these systems can serve various non-potable purposes, such as toilet flushing, cleaning, irrigation, ornamental features, and even fire protection ^[9].

Removal Efficiency

Membrane filtration systems have shown impressive results in removing contaminants from stormwater. For instance, flat ceramic membranes achieved removal rates of 77.48% for zinc, 64.33% for copper, 98.04% for lead, 74.45% for nickel, 56.96% for chromium, and 49.81% for cadmium. Organic flat membranes performed even better in some cases, removing 81.76% of zinc, 77.69% of copper, 98.13% of lead, 81.49% of nickel, 59.62% of chromium, and 68.55% of cadmium ^[8].

Under high influent velocity, the performance remained strong. Flat ceramic membranes removed 78.66% of zinc, 67.74% of copper, 97.02% of lead, 60.84% of nickel, 49.05% of chromium, and 78.06% of cadmium, while organic flat membranes achieved 74.35%, 66.70%, 96.94%, 61.19%, 48.79%, and 88.00%, respectively ^[8].

Beyond pollutant removal, these systems can significantly reduce residential drinking water consumption – by as much as 30% to 60%, depending on household habits and the size of the stormwater collection area ^[9]. However, their high performance depends on regular upkeep, which is covered in the next section.

Maintenance Requirements

Keeping these systems in peak condition requires diligent maintenance. Fouling and scaling are common issues that can drastically lower efficiency – sometimes by as much as 70% – and even cause permanent damage if left unchecked ^[12][13][14]. Monitoring key factors like flux, pressure, and rejection rates is essential to catch problems early ^[12]. With proper care, membranes typically last 3 to 5 years, but neglect can shorten their lifespan to under 2 years ^[14]. Additionally, fouled membranes can drive up energy costs by 10–30% due to the increased pressure needed to maintain flow rates ^[14].

Cost

The cost of membrane filtration systems includes both upfront installation and ongoing operational expenses. Energy costs rise when fouling forces the system to work harder to maintain flow ^[14]. Underground installations, while saving surface space, can add to maintenance costs due to the challenges of confined space access ^[15]. Pretreatment, though an added initial expense, helps reduce the pollutant load on the membranes, cutting down on long-term maintenance needs ^[15]. Larger catchment areas often require more advanced engineering, which increases design complexity and overall costs ^[15].

Suitability for Residential Use

For homeowners, membrane filtration systems offer a space-efficient option for stormwater management. Their compact design makes them ideal for underground installation, especially in areas where space is at a premium ^[15]. These systems are highly effective at capturing both dissolved and fine particles that other filtration methods might miss ^[15]. However, homeowners need to consider factors like the size of their catchment area, as larger systems are more complex to design and maintain. Pretreatment is also crucial to reduce the strain on the membranes and keep maintenance manageable ^[15].

For Maryland residents exploring stormwater solutions, professional guidance can help determine the best system size and setup. Companies like Pro Landscapes MD specialize in integrating these advanced filtration systems with tailored drainage solutions, offering homeowners in central Maryland a reliable way to manage stormwater effectively while addressing hydrocarbon filtration needs.

3. Organic Media Filters

Organic media filters present a natural solution for removing hydrocarbons and other pollutants from stormwater. These systems rely on processed organic materials, such as those derived from deciduous leaves, to effectively filter out contaminants like hydrocarbons, total suspended solids (TSS), and soluble metals. They can even help neutralize acid rain, making them a versatile option for stormwater management ^[1].

One example is CSF® Leaf Media, a granular organic material sourced from deciduous leaves. It excels at removing oil, soluble metals, and TSS while also counteracting the effects of acid rain ^[1]. These filters are adaptable and can be customized to target specific pollutants, with some systems offering multiple media options to address the unique needs of a particular site ^[1]. This natural approach complements other advanced filtration methods, providing an eco-friendly alternative.

These filters are designed to capture particles as small as 10–20 microns using a multilayer structure. This setup not only traps a variety of particles but also reduces maintenance requirements compared to single-media filters ^[16].

Removal Efficiency

Organic media filters are highly effective in removing hydrocarbons and other contaminants. Their success stems from the physical properties of the media, such as sand content and particle size distribution, which are particularly efficient at filtering pollutants like copper and benzo(a)pyrene – a common hydrocarbon found in stormwater ^[19]. Their design ensures thorough removal of these specific contaminants ^[16].

Maintenance Requirements

To maintain their effectiveness, regular upkeep of organic media filters is crucial. Without routine maintenance, the media can become clogged, reducing its ability to process water and potentially leading to stagnant conditions.

Common issues include surface clogging caused by organic matter, fine silts, hydrocarbons, and algae ^[17][18]. When clogging occurs, the top layer of media may need to be manually replaced with fresh material that meets the system’s design requirements ^[17].

Cost Considerations

The cost of organic media filters depends on factors like pollutant levels, maintenance needs, and system design. The lifespan of the filter bed is influenced by organic and hydraulic loading, solids removal capacity, and the type of media used ^[20]. A well-designed system, with features like limited drainage areas and pre-treatment, can help reduce long-term maintenance and servicing costs ^[17]. While the initial setup may be more expensive due to the specialized organic media, these filters often offer long-term benefits over synthetic alternatives.

Suitability for Residential Use

Organic media filters are particularly effective for residential stormwater management. They are ideal for tackling hydrocarbon contamination from driveways, parking areas, or nearby roads. Their natural composition and ability to be tailored to specific needs make them a great choice for homeowners seeking eco-friendly solutions. Media formulations can be selected to address common residential runoff contaminants, such as those from vehicles, roof drainage, or landscaping activities.

For homeowners in Maryland, organic media filters can be a key part of a stormwater management plan. Companies like Pro Landscapes MD offer professional installation services to ensure proper sizing and media selection. These filters can be seamlessly integrated into comprehensive drainage systems, helping residents meet regulatory requirements while supporting environmental conservation. By addressing specific runoff challenges, Maryland homeowners can take a proactive step toward protecting their local environment.

sbb-itb-843f8be

4. Modular Wetlands and Biofiltration Units

Modular wetlands and biofiltration units take stormwater treatment to the next level by combining physical, chemical, and biological processes in a compact design. These systems are inspired by natural wetlands, offering an efficient way to tackle hydrocarbon removal challenges in Maryland’s stormwater management efforts.

The Modular Wetlands Linear system uses a patented horizontal flow design, allowing it to deliver high treatment capacity while requiring less space. This system has been rigorously tested across the country, demonstrating impressive hydrocarbon removal rates ^[21]. Meanwhile, the FocalPoint Biofiltration System stands out for its ability to process large volumes of stormwater runoff while using up to 90% less space compared to traditional methods ^[21]. Both systems work through a combination of mechanisms: biological components break down organic pollutants, physical filtration captures suspended particles, and chemical processes neutralize contaminants.

Removal Efficiency

The performance of these systems is impressive. The Modular Wetlands Linear system achieves a median removal efficiency of 95% for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) ^[21]. Beyond hydrocarbons, it also removes 85% of Total Suspended Solids (TSS), 64% of Total Phosphorus, 45% of Total Nitrogen, and 69% of Total Zinc ^[21].

The FocalPoint Biofiltration System offers remarkable filtration rates, processing runoff at over 100 inches per hour per square foot, far outperforming traditional bioretention systems, which typically filter at just 1–4 inches per hour per square foot ^[21].

Maintenance Requirements

Maintaining these systems is relatively straightforward. For the Modular Wetlands Linear system, key tasks include removing trash and sediment, replacing pretreatment cartridge filter media, replacing drain-down media, and trimming vegetation ^[21]. These tasks can be performed using a vacuum truck or manually, depending on the site’s accessibility and budget.

High-flow bioretention systems like FocalPoint require regular inspections, debris removal, mulch replacement, and plant care ^[22]. The design of these systems can greatly influence long-term maintenance costs, so it’s important to plan for maintenance specifics – such as intervals and replacements – during the initial installation phase ^[22]. These simplified maintenance protocols not only reduce costs but also ensure the systems remain effective over time.

Cost Considerations

One of the biggest advantages of modular wetlands and biofiltration units is their compact design, which reduces land acquisition and site preparation costs. This makes them particularly valuable in urban and residential settings. Additionally, these systems can be installed downstream of storage systems to provide extra volume control and treatment, optimizing the use of existing infrastructure ^[21]. Over time, their durability and simpler maintenance requirements help homeowners meet regulatory standards while avoiding expensive upgrades or retrofits.

Suitability for Residential Use

These systems are an excellent fit for residential properties because of their flexible configurations. The Modular Wetlands Linear system, for example, can be adapted for curb inlets, vaults, and even downspouts ^[21]. For homes, downspout configurations allow vertical pipes from rooftops and podium areas to connect seamlessly. They can even be installed as raised planters, blending functionality with aesthetic appeal ^[21].

Regulatory approvals from organizations like the Washington Department of Ecology and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection further highlight their reliability and effectiveness ^[21].

Pro Landscapes MD specializes in integrating these advanced biofiltration units into residential stormwater management plans. Their expertise ensures proper sizing and installation, helping homeowners meet environmental standards while maintaining visually appealing landscapes. By combining these systems with other stormwater solutions, Maryland homeowners can enjoy a comprehensive approach to hydrocarbon filtration and stormwater management.

Comparison of Hydrocarbon Removal Methods

Choosing the right hydrocarbon removal method for your Maryland property involves balancing efficiency, maintenance needs, costs, and how well the system fits into residential landscapes. Each filtration method has its own strengths and limitations, which are worth understanding before making a decision. Below, we break down the key aspects of these methods, focusing on their performance, upkeep, expenses, and suitability for Maryland homeowners.

Media filtration systems stand out for their adaptability and effective performance. High-rate systems with blended reactive media excel in tough conditions, while sorptive media filtration efficiently removes both particulate and dissolved contaminants, including copper and zinc ^[25]. For example, Ultra-Urban Filters with Smart Sponge technology have been shown to remove over 80% of total suspended solids (TSS), oil, phosphorus, and metals ^[23].

Membrane filtration systems offer precise removal of soluble pollutants. However, they require more frequent filter replacements and close monitoring to prevent clogging, which can add to maintenance demands.

Organic media filters use natural processes to improve pollutant removal. Biofilters with native plants are at least 11% more effective at removing urban nutrients and metals compared to systems without vegetation ^[24]. Systems like the Filterra Bioretention System are designed to handle high flow rates (up to 140 inches per hour) while meeting pollutant removal standards ^[23].

Modular wetlands and biofiltration units combine physical, chemical, and biological processes for comprehensive treatment. Studies show that a SuDS treatment train approach can reduce trace element concentrations by 74% ^[24]. Modular wetlands effectively remove a wide range of contaminants, including TSS, hydrocarbons, trash, dissolved metals, phosphorus, nitrogen, and bacteria from stormwater ^[23].

Here’s a comparison of the main methods:

Cost is a key factor for Maryland homeowners. Constructed wetlands can be economical to build and maintain if land is available, but land acquisition costs can significantly impact the overall budget ^[28]. According to the Chesapeake Bay Program, bioretention system operation and maintenance costs range from $64 to $6,710 per acre treated annually over a 23-year lifespan ^[28].

Space constraints also play a major role. While conventional sand filters are effective at removing particulates, they struggle with dissolved contaminants. Advanced biofiltration systems, on the other hand, can be designed to take up less space while efficiently processing stormwater runoff.

Maintenance needs vary by system. For instance, the Sustain-A-Drain filtration system uses reusable, cleanable filter fabric, maintaining about 80% efficiency after each cleaning cycle and reducing waste compared to disposable filters ^[26]. Activated carbon filters also require periodic replacement, with some systems offering indicators to signal when a replacement is needed ^[27].

Given Maryland’s climate and regulations, combining different media types with varied sorptive mechanisms can create a robust system that adapts to changing conditions and seasonal demands ^[25].

Pro Landscapes MD specializes in helping homeowners navigate these options by evaluating site conditions, local regulations, and long-term maintenance needs. Their expertise ensures that the chosen solution not only meets hydrocarbon removal requirements but also blends seamlessly into existing landscapes, offering practical and efficient stormwater management solutions.

Conclusion

Studies highlight that green infrastructure, which combines specially engineered soil blends with vegetation, stands out as the most effective solution for Maryland properties dealing with hydrocarbon contamination. For example, phytoremediation has delivered impressive outcomes, with research from the University of New Hampshire showing up to a 99% reduction in hydrocarbon levels and a study from the University of Copenhagen reporting an 87% decrease in contamination rates ^[11].

While traditional sandy loam soil falls short in effectiveness, soil blends with higher clay and organic content prove far better. These blends maximize adsorption, encourage microbial biodegradation, and enhance filtration. When paired with phytoremediation, this strategy forms a comprehensive system that works alongside mechanical technologies for immediate pollutant reduction ^[11].

Mechanical solutions also play a key role. For instance, the US Coast Guard’s use of three BioMod precast concrete filtration units and AbTech Ultra Urban Filters has shown reliable hydrocarbon removal, with the latter achieving up to 80% pollutant reduction ^[29]. Cost-effective options like deep-sump catch basins with hooded outlets also deliver solid results. Amtrak’s installation in Groton, Connecticut, which cost $70,000 for five units, achieved a 62% reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbons ^[29]. While larger, more integrated systems may require a higher upfront investment, they often provide better long-term efficiency and performance.

Plant-based systems offer additional advantages, requiring seasonal upkeep but generally needing less maintenance over time compared to mechanical filters. However, for biodegradation to work effectively, at least 10 hours of dry weather between storms is crucial ^[10].

To achieve the best results, Maryland property owners and landscape professionals should focus on integrated green infrastructure solutions. These systems, which combine engineered soil media with carefully chosen vegetation, not only excel at removing hydrocarbons but also deliver added benefits like improved groundwater recharge, reduced peak runoff, and enhanced visual appeal.

Pro Landscapes MD specializes in designing and implementing these integrated stormwater management systems tailored to Maryland’s unique needs. With expertise in local soil conditions, regulatory standards, and maintenance requirements, they provide property owners with high-performing systems that address hydrocarbon contamination while boosting the functionality and aesthetics of the landscape.

FAQs

What are the best stormwater filtration options for Maryland homeowners to remove hydrocarbons effectively and affordably?

For homeowners in Maryland aiming to tackle hydrocarbon removal from stormwater without breaking the bank, here are some dependable solutions worth considering:

• StormFilter Systems: These systems use specialized media cartridges to efficiently trap hydrocarbons and other pollutants, offering flexibility to suit different property requirements.
• Filterra Bioretention Systems: Perfect for urban settings, these compact systems utilize engineered filter media to capture hydrocarbons while managing large volumes of water.
• Jellyfish Filters: Featuring advanced membrane filtration, these reusable systems deliver reliable, long-term performance for hydrocarbon removal.

These options strike a good balance between affordability and effectiveness, making them ideal for managing stormwater runoff. If you’re looking for professional help, Pro Landscapes MD offers services to design eco-conscious outdoor spaces tailored to your specific needs.

What makes organic media filters a good option for removing hydrocarbons from stormwater compared to other filtration systems?

Organic media filters, particularly those that use biofiltration, are an excellent way to remove hydrocarbons from stormwater. These systems harness natural processes like microbial activity, adsorption, and filtration to trap and break down pollutants. What sets them apart is their ability to operate with less maintenance over time, reducing the need for frequent mechanical upkeep or media replacement. This makes them a cost-efficient and eco-conscious option for long-term stormwater management.

On the other hand, traditional filtration systems often demand more frequent maintenance, especially when dealing with heavy pollutant loads. This can drive up operational costs significantly. For anyone looking for a greener and more efficient way to handle stormwater, organic media filters stand out as a dependable and effective solution.

Can modular wetlands and biofiltration systems be added to residential landscapes without major changes?

Yes, modular wetlands and biofiltration systems can usually fit seamlessly into residential landscapes without causing much disturbance. These systems are designed to be compact, allowing them to be installed alongside or downstream of existing drainage systems. This means you can improve water treatment without making major changes to your property.

What’s more, their design does more than just filter stormwater – it also complements the look of your yard. They offer an effective way to enhance water quality while keeping your landscape both functional and visually pleasing.

Related posts

• 5 Cost-Effective Stormwater Solutions for Maryland Homes
• Stormwater Infiltration Systems for Maryland Homes
• Stormwater Pipe Repair: Maryland Compliance Guide
• Top SWPPP Practices for Maryland Sites